The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution Essay

The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution - Essay Example For instance, the worldwide use of English in business, political and diplomatic transactions has seen its gradual rise to an international status and thereby guaranteed its existence and survival in the coming years; it is projected that by the year 2050, over a half of the world’s population will be adept in it. Unlike the English language and other regional languages, native languages are limited to and within particular societies, with limited usage among small groups of people in those societies. The imminent threat of extinction of native languages has caused many adverse effects to societies and the speakers of these languages all over the world. As the basis of civilization, native languages are the cornerstones of cultures; they have a massive impact on civilization in societies. For example, ancient Muslim scholars developed some of the ancient Greek science after translating the knowledge written in Greek into the Arabica. As a result, the translated knowledge helped other civilizations to develop and spread the knowledge; therefore, language provides the road map for cultures, tracing the origins of people and guiding them into the future. However, some languages have died; some are about to die, or will die due to social, economic, political and technological reasons. Inferences can thus be drawn that, the death of a language  equals to  the death of civilization because language is the first stage of civilization (Grimes, 2002). It is undeniably true that not a single language in the world is autonomously sufficient in itself to capture and adequately express all ideas and information effectively and efficiently; this brings us to the importance of having many languages  in the world (Ostler, 2000), which is because of the existence of native languages. These native languages have amassed volumes of information and knowledge about all the subjects in the world; for instance, every native language has developed its

Factors affecting employee commitment

Factors affecting employee commitment Over the last ten years, the study of commitment has advanced in many different directions. A variety of disciplines have adopted the topic as a theme in their research and these have offered fresh and significant insights. These recent advances include new approaches to both the conceptualization of employee commitment and the particular human resource practices intended to increase it. Current research concerning employee commitment highlights the pitfalls of viewing commitment as a one-dimensional construct that can be enhanced by a particular human resource policy. This assumes that a particular practice, for example offering flexible working arrangements or more training, will have a significant and beneficial effect on employee commitment. Unfortunately, in practice it is not that simple because there is no single solution. All employees wants and needs cannot be addressed by a single policy. The effective functioning of an organization highly depends on the commitment of its employees. In fact, the commitment of employees may be a key factor that determines the success of a company in the modern world since, in the situation of the growing competition and the constant implementation of new technologies a company needs to have well-qualified and reliable personnel to maintain its position in the market. At the same time, the effectiveness and productivity of work of employees still remain the major factors that can contribute to the progress of the company. On the other hand, nowadays it is obvious that financial stimuli solely can hardly motivate employees to work more effectively and productively. In such a situation, employees commitment turns to be of a paramount importance since it is due to the high commitment of employees they can perform positive results of their work, increase its effectiveness and productivity, while low commitment leads, as a rule, to poor results of the functioning of the entire organization. DEFINATION OF TERMS. COMMITMENT Meyer Allen 2001 define commitment as is a stabilizing force that acts to maintain behavioural direction when expectancy/equity conditions are not met and do not function. An obliging force which requires that the person honor the commitment even in the face of fluctuating attitudes and whims. (Brown 1996) The relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al 1979) According to Salancik (1977) commitment is a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his action to beliefs that sustain his activities and his own involvement Allen meyer,1990, commitment is a psychological state that binds the individual to the organization. EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT It is the psychological bond of an employee to an organization, the strength of which depends on the degree of employee involvement, employee loyalty and belief in the values of the organization. As defined by Poter (1974) Employee commitment is the relative strength of the individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization. It consists of three factors:A strong desire to remain a member of the organization; A strong belief in, and acceptance of, the values and goals of the organization A readiness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization MODELS OF COMMITMENT A THREE MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT. This model of organizational commitment model was developed by Meyer and Allen. According to the model, organizational commitment reflects at least three general themes. 1.Affective commitment to the organization 2.Continuance Commitment The perceived cost associated with leaving it 3.Normative Commitment- The obligation to remain with it. Affective Commitment Its the employees emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with the organization because they want to. Continuance Commitment The individual commits to the organization because he/she perceives high costs of losing organizational membership including economic costs (such as pension accruals) and social costs (friendship ties with co-workers) that could be incurred. The employee remains with the organization because he/she has to. I t refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. The potential cost of leaving an organization include the threat of wasting the time and effort spent acquiring non transferable skills, losing attractive benefits, giving up seniority based privileges or having to uproot family and disrupt personal relationships. It also develops as a result of lack of alternative employment opportunities. Employees in this category remain because they need to. NORTMATIVE COMMITMENTS Refers to a feeling of obligation to continue employment . Employees in this category remain in the organization because they feel they ought to. Organization can develop normative commitment by providing reward in advance e.g. paying college tuition. Normative pressures may also make an individual feel that they ought to remain within the organization. Acknowledging these investments makes employees feel a sense of obligation to reciprocate by committing themselves to the organization until the debt has been paid . One important point is that not all forms of employee commitment are positively associated with superior performance (Meyer Allen, 1997). For example, an employee who has low affective and normative commitment, but who has high continuance commitment is unlikely to yield performance benefits. The main reason such an employee remains with an organisation is for the negative reason that the costs associated with leaving are too great. THE HIGH COMMITMENT MODEL. ( IN STRATEGIC HRM.) This model embraces workforce commitment and identification with the organizations values and goals. The main features of high commitment model are 1. Development of career ladders and emphasis on trainability and commitment as highly characteristic of employees at all levels in the organization. 2. A high level of functional flexibility with the abandonment of potentially rigid job descriptions. 3. The reduction of hierarchies and the ending of status differentials. 4. Heavy reliance on the team structure for dissemination of information (team building) structure work and problem solving. 5. Job design as something management consciously does in order to provide jobs which have a considerable level of intrinsic motivation. 6. A policy of no compulsory layoff or redundancies and use of permanent employee with possible use of temporary workers to cushion fluctuation in the demand for labour. 7. New forms of assessment and pay system and more specifically merit pay profit sharing 8. A high involvement of employees in the management of quality. CONCEPTUALISATION OF COMMITMENT: MODEL DEVELOPED BY OREILLY AND CHATMAN. (1986) OReilly and Chatman(1986) developed their multidimensional framework on the basis of the assumption that commitment represents an attitude towards the organization. For them, commitment takes on three distinct forms, which they labeled 1. Compliance 2. Identification 3. Internalization Compliance occurs when attitudes and corresponding behaviors are adopted in order to gain specific rewards. E.g being very considerate towards people so that you get that promotion Identification occurs when an individual accepts influence to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship Relationship / Internalization occurs when influence is accepted because the attitudes and behaviors one is being encouraged to adopt are congruent with existing values. Employees thus become committed to organizations which they share value e.g. an organization that encourages integrity is likely to win the commitment of an individual who believes in integrity. TYPES OF COMMITMENT . OMalley (2000) contends that a review of the commitment literature produces five general factors which relate to the development of employee commitment: Affiliative Commitment: An organizations interests and values are compatible with those of the employee, and the employee feels accepted by the social environment of the organization. Associative Commitment: Organizational membership increases employees self-esteem and status. The employee feels privileged to be associated with the organisation. Moral Commitment: Employees perceive the organization to be on their side and the organization evokes a sense of mutual obligation in which both the organization and the employee feel a sense of responsibility to each other. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Normative Commitment. Affective commitment: Employees derive satisfaction from their work and their colleagues, and their work environment is supportive of that satisfaction. Some researchers (eg Allen Meyer, 1991) suggest that this is the most important form of commitment as it has the most potential benefits for organizations. Employees who have high affective commitment are those who will go beyond the call of duty for the good of the organization. In recent literature this form of commitment has also been referred to as engagement and is the form of commitment that is most usually measured by organizations. Structural commitment: Employees believe they are involved in a fair economic exchange in which they benefit from the relationship in material ways. There are enticements to enter and remain in the organization and there are barriers to leaving. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Continuance Commitment. FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. The workplace is a dynamic field and to remain competitive, employee commitment is important..The following factors affect employee comittemnt: Workplace values. If employees believe that their organization values quality products they will engage in behaviors that will contribute to high quality. If employees are convinced that their organization values participation they will be more likely to feel as though their participation will make a difference. They will thus be motivated and be more willing to seek solutions and make suggestions to contribute to the organization success. Subordinate supervisor interpersonal relationship. Supervisors behavior include sharing appropriate information, allowing mutuality of influence, recognizing and rewarding good performance and not abusing the vulnerability of others . The extent to which the supervisor displays these behaviors will thus largely determine subordinate commitment level Job characteristics. The extent that a job is structured to provide regular feedback and autonomy as well as a sense of task completion An increase in perceived control strengthens emotional bonds with an organization. A heightened sense of personal control has a positive consequence for employees attitudes and behaviors at work. When tasks are Intrinsically satisfying, employees tend to be more committed. Commitment is low when employees are given repetitive routine tasks to complete. A job that allows a high degree of autonomy and the absence of close supervision increases commitment. Demographics AGE. A range of demographic variables have been found to be related to employee commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). For a variety of reasons, age has been found to be a positive predictor of employee commitment. As Mathieu Zajac (1990) suggest, the older employees become, the less alternative employment options are available. As a result, older employees may view their current employment more favourably. Dunham et al. (1994) suggest older employees may be more committed because they have a stronger investment and greater history with their organization. GENDER: With regard to gender, a number of studies (eg Mathieu Zajac, 1990) have reported women as being more committed than men. This is typically explained by women having to overcome more barriers than men to get to their position in the organization. MARITAL STATUS Marital status has also been shown to relate to commitment, with married employees usually showing more commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). However, it is suggested that the reason for this is because married employees will typically have greater financial and family responsibilities, which increases their need to remain with the organization. Note, however, that this refers to structural commitment (or continuance commitment) in that the cost associated with leaving the organization increases commitment to the organization. As mentioned previously, structural commitment does not necessarily relate to increased performance. Recruitment Procedures OMalley (2000) suggests that organizations need to pay more attention to addressing employees social need to affiliate and belong, in order to create commitment, the organization must have the right sort of employees in the first instance. Employees feelings of belonging start to develop long before employees join the organization. The following information should be shared with employee to enhance commitment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ share details about the organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ provide employees with help and support throughout the recruitment and selection process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ convey the interests and values that the organization shares with employees. Organizations need to be attractive to the right sort of people; thus the initial contact between the organization and the prospective candidate is very important. DEVELOPING AN EMPLOYER BRAND. As Troy (1998) points out, increasingly organizations are attempting to communicate with prospective employees in a coherent manner by developing an employer brand The brand should condense the basic nature of the organization, what its values are and what it would be like to work there. The principal purpose of the brand is to efficiently bring employers and employees together in order to establish a relationship. Thus, a good brand should convey both the unique benefits of the organizational environment and the type of person who is likely to do well in that setting. The organization must then ensure that it delivers these promises to its employees, or its efforts will have been wasted. Employers should, therefore, devote a portion of the selection process to assessing cultural fit. Met Expectations Employees will be more committed if there is a good match between what the person is looking for in a job, and what the job provides . Commitment will be greater when employees experiences on the job match their expectations. Unmet expectations are a source of low morale and dissatisfaction. Such expectations usually relate to the type of work employees are given to do and the opportunities they receive for training and development. Factors affecting commitment. By Kochan and dyan as cited by Armstrong 2005. 1. Strategic level -supportive business strategies -Top management value of commitment -Effective voice of HR in strategy making Supportive business strategies may include activities that increase employee involvement thus reinforcing commitment. When top management is commited to its employees the employees too become commited. Fair human resource policies e.g a policy of promotion based on merit will also increase commitment 2. Hr policy level -staffing based on employment stabilization investing on training and development -continent compensation that reinforces cooperation Training increases employees efficiency making them more commited because they enjoy what they do.(Affective commitment) 3. Workplace level Selection based on high standards -Job design and team work -employee involvement in problem solving -climate of cooperation and trust. Selecting people with the right skills for a job will ensure that the employee remains commited as they will be efficient in their duties. Efficiency increases commitment. Designinh jobs e.g allowing flexi time,job enlargement,job enrichment and job rotation ensures that monotony is kept at bay and commitment is enhanced Other factors that affect employee commitment by Purcell et al (2003 in Armstrong ,2005) include i. Received training last year ii. Are satisfied with career opportunities iii. Are satisfied with performance appraisal system Think managers are good in people management (Leadership) v. Find work challenging vi. Think their form helps them achieve a work-life balance vii. Are satisfied with communication or company performance Benefits of employee commitment High level of employee commitments means that employees are really enthusiastic about their job and, their performance will be better as well as the effectiveness and productivity of their work higher. Employee commitment also evokes a profound interest of an employee to his/her work. This means that he/she enjoys the job he/she does. Consequently, the level of employees satisfaction will be high if they are really committed to their work. Employee commitment may be also cost saving since committed employees are highly motivated that means that they do not need increasing financial rewards for their work, though it does not necessarily mean that employees should not receive financial rewards at all, but the expenses of the organization at this point may decrease. The performance benefits accrued from increased employee commitment have been widely demonstrated in the literature. To list but a few, these include: i. increased job satisfaction (Armstrong 2005) ii. increased job performance (Mathieu Zajac, 1990) iii. increased total return to shareholders . iv. increased sales (Barber et al., 1999) v. decreased employee turnover (Cohen, 1991) decreased intention to leave decreased intention to search for alternative employers (Cohen, 1993) vii. decreased absenteeism (Cohen, 1993, Barber et al. 1999) Employee commitment should be viewed as a business necessity. Organizations who have difficulty in retaining and replacing competent employees will find it hard to optimize performance. There are not only the immediate expenses of the recruitment process, but other hidden costs such as management time and lost productivity as new employees take time to become effective in their roles. Commitment also has the following effects: 1. I t results in self directed( self initiave) application to do the job 2. regular attendance, 3. nominal supervision 4. a high level of effort 5. it increases the intention to stay- loyalty NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LOW EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. Low commitment of employees may lead to negative results and undermine the normal functioning of an organization or, at any rate, decrease the effectiveness of work of employees considerably. The low employee commitment has a number of disadvantages which deteriorate the work of each employee and the entire organization (OMalley 2000). Low commitment leads to the low level of interest of employees in their work. Consequently, if employees are not sufficiently interested in their work they will naturally work worse than they can. In other words, the low commitment decreases the effectiveness and productivity of work for employees are not really interested in their work and its outcomes. Naturally, in such a situation, they can hardly be interested in a positive performance of the organization they work for. MEASURING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT . This can be done through an attitude survey, employee satisfaction survey, employee commitment survey and performance appraisals. Questioners are usually administered to collect relevant data that management later uses when deciding ways of increasing employee commitment. Sample of a questioner attached(Annex 1) WAYS OF ENHANCING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT Organizations can use various strategies to increase employee commitment. This strategies include: Induction and Training The induction programme should be the final step of the recruitment and selection process. A good induction programme will make new employees more familiar with and more at ease within the organization. Employees enter the organization with an assumption of compatibility and should be welcomed. Relationships with Managers This refers to how the quality of the relationship between managers and their employees relates to the development of commitment. Employees commitment reflects their day to day contacts with their line managers about their job, and the way in which objective targets are set. Effective communication on job-related issues is a key ingredient in securing individual performance. To a great extent, individual line managers are responsible for ensuring that these maintenance behaviours occur. With poor management, the most well developed organizational programme can break down at the point of transmission. Relationships with Colleagues Emotional attachment to colleagues in the workplace is an important element of commitment, though It is not enough on its own. Unless there is occasion for frequent and rewarding interaction, stronger feelings of belonging that can bind employees to the organization are unlikely to emerge. Organizations that want to build high levels of commitment should look for ways to build this through group activities both in and out of work Group Membership To build commitment, being a member of a particular organization must not only satisfy employees social need to affiliate and belong, but must also create a sense of collective identity that differentiates the group from other organizations. There are many situational features that contribute to a sense of group membership. The more exposure that employees have to these features, the more likely they will be to feel like a part of the group and to incorporate that membership into their concept of who they are. Organizational Justice and Trust It is also argued that employees evaluate their experiences at work in terms of whether they are fair and reflect a concern on the part of the organization for the well- being of the employees (Meyer, 1997). Treating employees fairly, communicates the message that management is commitment to the employees. This suggests that organizations wanting to foster greater commitment from their employees must first provide evidence of their commitment to their employees. When there is trust, employees are willing to suspend judgement and defer to the authority of others. In addition, trust permits organizational flexibility because a payback need be neither immediate nor of equivalent value. OMalley (2000) identifies four areas in which employees sense of trust in the employer can be increased: i. Growth: As most employees want to be more proficient in their job, a good way to instil trust is to attend to employees development needs. ii. Work-Life balance: Most employees would like organizations to allow greater personal time when needed. iii. Individual accommodation: Acts of organizational flexibility or benevolence toward employees. iv. Health and Safety: Organizations that are committed to protecting employees health and safety are more likely to be trusted Promotion Policies and practices concerning promotion can also affect commitment. . Among those who are considered for promotion, the outcome of the decision is likely to have an effect on commitment. But, for some, the perception of fairness in the decision-making process might be even more important. This suggests that organizations should communicate clearly how their decisions were made and why those who did not succeed were not suitable. Work-Life Balance A key issue emphasized by research, especially in recent years, is the extent to which employees perceive they are able to achieve the right balance between home and work. Organizations are beginning to recognize this, and are making more concerted efforts to introduce a host of programmes intended to ease employees burdens. These include initiative such as: flexible work arrangements; child care; time off policies; elderly care; healthcare; information and counseling; and convenience services to name but a few. Job Satisfaction How happy an employee is in a job has profound effects on behaviour and commitment. In relation to commitment, job satisfaction and work-life satisfaction are very important. Job satisfaction is an enormous area; however, to be concise a satisfying job typically has three properties: i. It has intrinsically enjoyable features: Mathieu Zajac (1990) found that the strongest correlation with commitment were obtained for job characteristics, particularly job scope (enrichment). ii. It provides an opportunity for growth and development. iii. It makes employees feel effective in their roles (that they can positively influence organizational outcomes). Pay and Reward As mentioned previously, employees may remain with an organization because there are constraints against leaving and incentives for staying. It is important for organizations to structure the economics of the relationship in a way that will not obstruct commitment. One of the reasons to stay in a relationship is because it makes sense economically. Pay makes continuation of the employment relationship worthwhile because there is mutual dependence. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Schein cited by (Armstrong 2005) defines commitment as attachment and loyalty Psychological contract is the degree people are committed to the organization (Schein 1965). It depends on 1. The degree to which their own expectations of what the organization will provide to them and what they owe the organization in return matches what the organization expectations are of what it will give and get in return The nature of what is actually to be exchanged e.g. money in exchange for time at work , social need satisfaction and security in exchange for hard work and loyalty Armstrong (2004) defines psychological contract as a system of beliefs which encompasses on one hand the actions employees belief are expected of them and what response they expect in return from their employer and on the other hand the behavior employers expect from their employees. It is implicit and dynamic ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN DEVELOPING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT, (ARMSTRONG) 2005 1. During recruitment interviews present the unfavorable as well as the favorable aspects of a job in a realistic job preview.- This will enable the candidate have a clear and achievable expectation of the organization and thus avoid setting very high expectations that the organization is unable to meet,leading to low / decreased commitment 2. In induction programmes communicate to new starters the organizations personnel policies and procedures and its core values indicating to them the standards of performance expected this enables them to remain committed in achieving the expected performance 3. Issue and update employee hand books and intranet entries which reinforce the message delivered in induction programmes. 4. Develop performance management process plans which spell out how continued improvement of performance can be achieved mainly by self managed learning 5. Use training and management development programmes to underpin values that define performance expectations. 6. Ensure thorough manager and team leader training that managers and team leaders understand their role in managing the employment relationship through such processes as performance management and team leadership managers should be very committed so as to pass the same message of commitment to employees. 7. Encourage a maximum amount of contact between managers and team leaders and their team members to achieve mutual understanding. 8. Adopt a general policy of transparency ensuring that on all matters which affect them employees know what is happening and the impact it will make on their employment 9. Develop personal procedures covering grievance handling, discipline , promotion and redundancy. Ensure they are implemented fairly and consistently. 10. Develop and communicate personnel policies covering the major areas of employment, development, reward and employee relations DEVELOPING HR PRACTICES THAT ENHANCE COMMITMENT. According to Armstrong 2005 the following ten (10) practice contribute to increase of employee commitment. 1.Advise in methods of communicating the values and aims of management and achievements of the organization, so that employees are more likely to identify with it as one they are proud to work for. 2.Emphasize to management that commitment is a two way process employees cannot be expected to be committed to the organization unless management demonstrates that it is committed to them. 3.Impress on the management the need to develop a climate of trust by being honest with people, treating them fairly justly and consistently, keeping its word and showing willingness to listen to the comments and suggestions made by employees 4.Develop a positive psychological contract by treating people as stakeholders rely on consensus and cooperation rather than control and coercion and provision of opportunities for learning and career progression. 5.Advise on and assist in the establishment of partnership agreements with trade unions which emphasiz

The Truth About The Big Two He Essay -- essays research papers

While reading Ernest Hemingway's short story 'Big Two Hearted River,'; one might think that it is just about a man named Nick Adams returning to Seney, to go camping and fishing. It may not be clear to some readers why the town of Seney is burned down or why Hemingway talks about each of Nick's action in great amount of detail. While first reading the story one might not notice that Hemingway has many symbolic parts, so that he can get the true meaning of the story across to the reader. The story is truly about Nick Adams wanting to get on with his life enjoying to its fullest and putting all of the awful events that have happened to him in the past. When Nick arrives at the town of Seney, he sees that the town is completely burned to the ground. When Nick was on the bridge he looked down at the water and saw trout in the water going against the current. Nick realized that the trout were changing their positions only to steady themselves once again: Nick looked down into the clear, brown water, colored from the pebbly bottom, and watched the trout keeping themselves steady in the current with wavering fins. As he watched them they changed their positions by quick angles, only to hold steady in the fast water again (472). Hemingway is trying to show that the trout are better then Nick, since they are not bothered by emotions or their surroundings. Nick is, he is bothered by the war, which created internal emotions that he is trying to resolve. Hemingway used the trout in t...

Reflective Statement

Introduction This project involved creating a strategic report covering all aspects of the operation of the Walt Disney Group. The report entailed drawing on a relatively broad analysis of the workings of the Walt Disney Group, with each member of the team contributing certain parts of the report, before then coming together to undertake an overall analysis. This reflective statement looks at how I personally worked within the team and any areas that I feel I could improve upon, in the future. The reflective statement will also describe the way in which I worked within the team to assist others and how we dealt with any conflicts which occurred, during the length of the project. Individual Contribution I was personally responsible for specific aspects of the actual research and for writing up the project. At the outset, we sat down with the team to allocate certain areas of work, with a view to meeting regularly to combine our findings and to ensure that the report, as a whole, read as if it were one voice. As the project involved some form of strategic analysis, I was particularly concerned that if each individual simply worked on their own section, it would not come together as a sensible whole (Forsyth, 2009). I personally felt that I took the lead, when it came to communicating amongst the team and also when ensuring that we met up regularly to discuss progress. I myself as one of the other team members took the lead in arranging these meetings. Whilst this was successful, initially, we soon found that other members of the team were not responding to the suggestion of meetings and were not sending their own work in good time, thus creating difficulties amongst the team and also making it harder for me as an individual to complete my element of the project (Boud & Walker 1993) If I were to undertake the project again, I would ensure that, from the outset, much greater emphasis was placed on setting out the full scope of each individual’s work assignment, as it quickly became apparent that each individual within the team was relying on others to undertake their part of the report. Therefore, when one individual was failing to keep pace with the rest of the team, this created a much greater problem than simply one person not â€Å"pulling their weight†. As a relatively strong individual, I would personally put myself forward as more of a co-ordinator, at the outset, to ensure that this lack of cohesion did not happen in future (Jarboe & Witteman, 1996). When we encountered difficulties at the end of the project, with one individual not being available in the few days prior to the deadline, I took on another section of the writing in order to ensure that we were then able to meet the deadline, something which put me under increased personal pressure. Based on the problems that we were having, at that point in time, it was the only reasonable solution available; however, better team management, at an earlier stage when it became apparent that some individuals were not going to make the deadline would have prevented such a high level of personal pressure and this additional workload could then have been spread more evenly. Working with Others and Resolving Conflicts As noted above, it became apparent, as the project progressed, that there were certain key individuals within the team who were becoming increasingly unresponsive to setting up meeting times and were not presenting their work when requested. This could have put the entire project in jeopardy and was exacerbated when one individual was not available at all, in the few days prior to the deadline. The fact that some of the key individuals were not responding to requests for meetings or submitting their work on-time became apparent midway through the project. Yet, action was not positively taken by myself and the other organising team members who were still responding until just a few days before the deadline (Coleman, 2011). Effectively, our approach to dealing with this matter was to ignore it and simply continue with our own activities, something which potentially jeopardised the project in its entirety. With a project of this nature, merely ignoring conflict was not an option. Furthermore, although regular negotiations were attempted by suggesting meeting times, communication between team members had already broken down. In reality, this conflict could have been resolved, at the outset, before any difficulties emerged, by setting out a team leader who was going to be responsible for keeping everybody on track and ensuring that the meetings took place as arranged. As soon as it became apparent that the timeframe for the project was not being kept, the appointed team leader could then have taken a more aggressive stance to ensure that such failings did not jeopardise the overall project. It was arguably this failure that was instrumental in creating a last-minute panic and rush. Individual Improvement for the Future Bearing all of this in mind, I feel that my own areas for improvement, in the future would be to take a much more active stance, in terms of project management, from the outset (Schon 1996). I would also ensure that all team members complied with the timeframes set out. I became personally aware that there were difficulties with communication and timeframe, at a relatively early stage, yet I largely chose to ignore this in the hope that matters would improve of their own accord. This approach led to me personally being put under considerable pressure, towards the end of the project and, as such, my own individual performance was not as good as it could have been, particularly with the last section of the project being rushed, over a period of 2 to 3 days. I therefore feel that I could have improved my own personal performance by taking a much more active role in project management. This would enable me to ensure that each individual was working within the timeframe and I was not requ ired to rush during the last few days of the project, potentially sacrificing the quality of the work. References Boud D & Walker D (1993) Barriers to Reflection on Experience. In Boud D,. Cohen R & Walker D. Using Experience for Learning. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. Coleman, P (2011). The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts. Public Affairs. New York, p.26 Forsyth, D. R. (2009). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Jarboe, S. C., & Witteman, H. R. (1996). Intragroup conflict management in task-oriented groups: The influence of problem sources and problem analysis. Small Group Research, 27, 316–338. Schon D. (1996). From Technical Rationality to Reflection in Action, In: Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and P Raggatt (eds) Boundaries of Adult Learning, London, Routledge.

Cause and Effect About Students Attendance

There are many types of students in terms of attendance, reactivity with class activity and submitting assignment. In this topic we are only interested in students who usually attend and they are divided into three groups, the first is students who arrive before the lecture begins, the second, which I think is the best, are students who arrive on the time of starting the lecture, the third are puncture students who arrive after the beginning of the class disturbing students and lecturer. In this essay we are going to look at each group's positive and negative sides and what advantages they have. First type of students is the type who wants to get early to classes. This type of students will have to break their sleep and what may be a nice dream just to be there a few minutes earlier. However he will have good advantages, the first is that they can relax on their breakfast with a cup of tea or coffee. The second is they will not have to rush on their way to the university and will not face a lot of crowd if the lecture is during early morning. Finally, students who get early to classes will have enough time to review the previous lecture which may result in better understanding for the next one. The second type of students is students who get to classes on time. They and students who get early will be able to freely choose their seats. They also will be able to catch almost all information their instructor says. However they will not be as relaxed as students who come early. The last type is students who come late to classes. The only positive side for them is they can stay late at night because they have decided on coming late which means they do not have to wake up early, nevertheless, they themselves know that what they are doing is wrong but they are just ignoring it. We all know that students who arrive late to classes are over speeding because the moment they realize their state they stop thinking the right way and just focus on getting there with new highest record to avoid any reproach from the instructor and forgetting about the high probability of getting into argument with a cop because of any traffic contravention they did or involving in accident which will keep them even more delayed. When they arrive, they firstly will disturb the other students' attention then, they notice that they have missed a lot of information which may be very important so they will ask students around them and eventually disturbing and cause noise in the class affecting the other students. In my opinion, students who usually arrive to classes on time are the best, because they get many positive points by being in the middle of both sides.

History of the Mole essays

History of the Mole essays The moles beginning is traced back to the most basic units of matter, atoms. Since atoms are extremely small, scientists have perplexed a great deal over finding a way to measure atomic mass. They struggled to find a universal container that had the capability to mass atoms. Measuring the mass of one atom on a balance in grams is not practical, because the result in grams is an amount too small to be of any use in the laboratory. Fortunately, a new idea came about. If two or more same amounts of different substances are compared, the resulting ratios can be used to deduce atomic mass. These atomic mass ratios always remain the same. For example, one atom of Helium has 1/12 the mass of one atom of Carbon-12. In this way, Helium has an atomic mass of one unit, whereas the isotope Carbon-12 has an atomic mass of 12 units. Carbon-12 is the standard for atomic mass. Eventually, a mass spectrometer was invented to determine a single atoms mass even more accurately. It measured a tomic mass by comparing the time and distance an atom traveled when knocked off its course. The invention of the mass spectrometer led to extremely accurate values for single atomic mass. Now that the mass of a single atom could be figured, the quest for a universal container continued. Knowing how much one atom weighs but not how many atoms exist is not very helpful to the chemist. A universal container must have the capacity to contain the same number of molecules under the same conditions of pressure, temperature and volume. Such conditions made the search for a universal container very difficult. However, an Italian scientist by the name of Avogrado finally solved the dilemma of a container. The answer to this scientific puzzle was in the form of a number, Avogrados number. Avogrados number, 6.02 x 10 ²Ã‚ ³, is known as the mole and an accepted SI standard for finding atomic mass. In a mole, t ...

Medical Sonography Essays

Medical Sonography Essays Medical Sonography Paper Medical Sonography Paper Medical sonography or ultrasound scanning or ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic tool which employs high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of various organs and structures inside the body. The images obtained by this method are captured real-time, thus showing movement, structure and blood flow of the internal organs. The equipment used for sonography is known as ultrasound scanner. It consists of a console, a video display unit and a transducer. The console is made up of computer and electronics. Through the transducer, it is possible to send high frequency inaudible sound waves into the parts of the body in small pulses. These sound waves bounce back when they reach tissues, producing a change in the pitch and direction of the sound. The transducer picks up the change in the waves and creates a real-time image on the monitor. The shape, size and consistency of the part of the body are based on the echoed waves (Patient UK, 2006). Medical sonography differs from radiography and computed tomography which use X-rays for image acquisition. It also differs from magnetic resonance imaging which employs magnetic fields to visualize organs and tissues. In contrast-enhanced ultrasound or CEUS, certain microbubble contrast agents like microbubble shell and microbubble gas core are injected intravenously to produce echogenecity difference between gas in the microbubbles and soft tissue surroundings of the body (Patient UK, 2006). Medical sonography has a place in diagnosing many conditions. It is useful in obstetrics to assess the wellbeing of the fetus and to look into any abnormalities of the fetus, placenta and adjacent organs. It is useful to diagnose gall bladder disease, evaluate thyroid gland and also evaluate various abdominal and pelvic organs. In the newborn, cranial ultrasound helps detect hemorrhages and fluid accumulations in the brain. Sonography is useful to guide needle biopsies, diagnose some forms of infections and cancers and reveal certain abnormalities of the scrotum and the prostate. Sonography is also useful to study the heart and look at fluid accumulations around the lungs (Patient UK, 2006). Non-physician professionals who perform sonography are known as sonographers and vascular technologists. Vascular technologists are those sonographers who are specialists in performing imaging of blood vessels (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). To become a diagnostic medical sonographer, there are many programs in Comprehensive Diagnostic Medical Sonography which vary in length from one to four years. The duration of the course is dependent on the degree or certificate awarded. It is advisable to follow the minimum curriculum and education standards as recognized by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. The courses can be done in consultation with Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). Although no obvious risks have been identified with ultrasound scanning the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine warns against the possibility of biological effects of scanning which may be identified in future (Wood, 2008). Even the American College of Radiology and The United States Food and Drug Administration warn against casual exposure to ultrasound especially during pregnancy. There are also concerns about possible thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus caused by sound waves which has led to the ALARA principle of exposure, meaning, the sonologists expose the fetus to As Low As Reasonably Achievable doses of sound waves (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Those who want to become sonographers must meet some technical standards. The sonographers must be able to lift, push and pull more than 50 pounds routinely (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). They must be able to bend and stoop routinely. They must be able to distinguish audible sounds and must be able to use hands, wrists and shoulders. The sonographers must be able to distinguish colors properly. For the kind of job they do, they may need to work standing on their feet 80% of the time (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). Sonographers must interact effectively and in a compassionate manner with the ill patients and those who are injured. They must be able to communicate effectively with patients and other health professionals. They must assist patients while getting on and getting off the examining tables. Sonographers must be able to proceed the test in a sequence manner. Sonographers have some professional responsibilities too. They must elicit accurate patient history and obtain proper patient information. They must be able to analyze technical information and perform diagnostic procedures and obtain the images. Sonographers must be able to exert independent judgment while extending the scope of a procedure. They must provide a verbal or written summary of the findings of the procedure to the physician to help arrive at a diagnosis (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). References Patient UK. (2006). Ultrasound Scan. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from patient. co. uk/showdoc/27000373/ Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. (2009). So you want to be a sonographer. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from sdms. org/career/career. asp Wiseman, C. S. , and Kiehl, E. M. (2007). Picture Perfect: Benefits and Risk of Fetal 3D Ultrasound. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 32(2), 102- 109. Wood, D. (2008). New Dimensions in Prenatal Ultrasound: 3D and 4D. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from swedish. org/17337. cfm

Can You Use Old Practice SATs to Study for the New SAT

Can You Use Old Practice SATs to Study for the New SAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Since the SAT has just been redesigned, you might feel like there aren’t very many practice questions around for you to use. The College Board has released four free practice tests, but once you get through those, what should you do? You might be wondering if you can use old SAT practice tests to study for the new SAT. The answer is yes, you can! I will show you how. Read on to see why you would want to use old practice tests, what practice tests won’t do for you, and then a how-to guide on the most effective way to use old tests to prep for each section. Finally, I’ll also briefly discuss using the ACT for new SAT prep, since the tests are surprisingly similar. Why to Use Old SAT Practice Tests Simply put, you should use old practice tests if you want to increase your stock of practice questions! While you will have to be careful to skip the irrelevant questions, and there are some new question types you won’t be able to prep for using old tests, they are still a valuable resource, especially if you need extra questions to work on a particular section or skill. While the SAT has been redesigned, many of the question types are still the same between the old and new tests, so you can use old tests for practice questions for those question types. I will break down which question types to use and which ones to skip in the next sections. They are also useful because they are official College Board materials, and you can expect rigorous quality control from the official makers of the SAT more so than from most prep book or test prep companiesso no situations where the correct answer is actually ambiguous, for example. You know old tests were really administered to students, which means those questions are College Board-approved! So high quality they should put this seal on them! What Old SAT Tests Won't Help You With Taking an entire old test from start to finish won’t really prepare you for the experience of sitting down to take the new SAT, so don’t do that. The overall tests are too different structurally for taking the old SAT to give you a good sense of what taking the new one will be like. If you want to take a complete test to get a sense of what your SAT experience will be like on test day, take one of the College Board’s four complete free practice tests for the redesigned SAT instead of an old one. Old tests also won’t help you practice the new SAT essay. Instead of a 25-minute opinion-based essay as on the old SAT, the revised SAT gives you 50 minutes to analyze an argument. These are completely different in form and content, so looking at old SAT essay prompts is a waste of time. Now I’ll move through each section in turn and describe how best to use it to prepare. I’ll go over what question types to use, which question types to skip, and what’s missing from the old SAT that is tested in the new one.All of my old SAT question examples will come from the2014-2015 Practice SAT, and my new SAT question examples will come from Practice Test 1. With all these questions you'll be as prepared as this lady! And she looks ready. Using Old SAT Practice Tests: Reading The Reading section has not changed too dramatically with the revision, so you’ll be able to use most of the old Reading questions to practice for the revised SAT. The primary changes are that all of the questions are now passage-based, passages are longer, and Sentence Completion questions have been eliminated. Old SAT Reading: Questions to Use Using any and all of the passage-based questions will help you prep for the new SAT. The Old SAT has some very short (i.e. one paragraph) passages, while the revised SAT only has longer passages, but the questions are similar and useful for practice. Old SAT Reading: Questions to Skip The redesigned SAT has done away with Sentence Completion questions. There were complaints that these unfairly prioritized arcane vocabulary knowledge. So when you see these on old SATs, skip them. Example: Old SAT Reading: What's Missing Old SAT Reading did not have any charts or graphs integrated into the passages and questions. New SAT does, so be sure to study those! (If you want more practice questions to do with reading charts, skip down to the â€Å"Practicing with the ACT† section). Example: Old tests did not have any Evidence Support question pairs. These are question pairs in which you are first asked to identify something about the passage, then to select evidence from the passage to support your answer. Example: Using Old SAT Practice Tests: Writing Writing has changed the most of any test. While the old SAT had very few passage-based writing questions, the revised SAT is entirely passage-based in the Writing section. There aren’t very many one-to-one matches on question types between the old and new SAT, but you might still find some of the old SAT practice questions useful. Old SAT Writing: Questions to Use Passage Revisionthese are questions that ask you to edit a â€Å"rough draft† of a passage or essay. While the errors in these passages are a little more focused on style, and the revised SAT writing section is more focused on skilled argumentation, these questions are still helpful for getting a feel for answering passage-based SAT writing questions. Example: Even though the specific format of the Sentence Errorquestion typewhere you had to choose from five potential errors in one sentenceis missing from the revised SAT, doing old Sentence Error questions is still a good way to drill down on your grammar skills. You should be aware, though, that the revised test does have a slightly different grammatical focus. The old SAT often tested dangling modifiers and subject/verb agreement in tricky ways, while the revised SAT has a greater emphasis on punctuation and common English usage. But if you need to work on your grammar, practicing those skills with Sentence Error questions is a fine way to do so. Example: Similarly, the Sentence Improvement question type, in which you have to edit a single sentence for grammatical clarity, no longer exists on the revised SAT. But you may be asked sentence-improvement like questions on the revised SAT in the context of the passage-based questions. So knowing how to approach these in isolation will help brush up on your grammar and writing-style skills, which will be useful for the revised test. Example: Old SAT Writing: Questions to Skip The essay - the 25-minute â€Å"opinion† essay from the old SAT used to comprise part of your writing score. The new essay is 50 minutes, asks you to evaluate another author’s argument expressed in a passage, and is a completely separate score from your 1600-point score. Don’t write any old essay prompts; they won’t help you at all on the new SAT. The old essay: as obsolete as this car. Old SAT Writing: What's Missing Old tests really don’t have the same format and feel as the revised SAT. The revised SAT asks all questions and question typesthose on grammar, writing style, organization, argumentationbased on passages, while the old SAT has very few passage-based questions. So while the old SAT writing section will help you brush up on your grammar, style, and editing skills, it really won’t give you a great sense of what the writing section of the revised SAT is actually like. Example: To practice more passage-based writing questions once you’ve used all four free practice tests, you might turn to the ACT English section, which is passage-based. (More on using the ACT for new SAT practice below.) Additionally, the writing section now includes questions that involve graphs and charts: both interpreting them and understanding how they act as evidence for arguments. Example: Using Old SAT Practice Tests: Math The primary changes in Math are that the questions are distributed differently across topics, a small amount of trigonometry has been added, and logic-type problems have been eliminated. For a complete breakdown of these changes, see our guide to the revised SAT. Old SAT Math: Questions to Use The truth is that you can use most of the questions on the old SAT to practice for new SATMath. However, you should be aware that old tests contain a different percentage of some of the question types than the revised SAT. For example, the old SAT contains much more geometry than the revised SAT. Old SAT Math: Questions to Skip The revised SAT has done away with â€Å"logic problem† type questions, so if you see any of those, skip them. There were usually only 1-2 on the old SAT anyways. Example: Old SAT Math: What's Missing From Old Tests The revised SAT has two no-calculator sections: one for grid-ins, and one for multiple choice. The old SAT was all-calculator. You might try working on some of the less calculation-heavy questions on the old SAT without a calculator to practice answering math problems without one. The new SAT involves more â€Å"real-world† type questions and word problems. Example: The revised SAT now has multi-part questions, in which the answer to one question affects the answers to the following question. It’s very important to get the first question correct or you could have a negative cascade effect! Example: The revised SAT also contains some basic trigonometry questions, which is a new topic area for the SAT. Example: Practicing For the New SAT With the ACT The revised SAT is actually more similar in many ways to the ACT than the old SAT. Both exams have four answer choices per question, there is no guessing penalty, and the Reading and Writing (or English in the case of the ACT) tests are entirely passage-based. For this reason, you may wish to practice with ACT questions. The key difference (other than the scoring scale) is that the ACT has four sections to the SAT’s three- English, which corresponds to SAT Writing, Reading, Math, and Science. While it has no directly corresponding section on the SAT, practice questions from the Science test will be very helpful in preparing for the data-based questions on all sections of the revised SAT. I’ll go over questions to use, ones to skip, and what’s missing from the ACT that’s covered on the SAT. Science: the fourth section on the ACT. ACT: Questions To Use There are questions you could use to prep for the new SAT in all four sections of the ACT. Reading You can use all of them! The ACT is focused slightly more on reading comprehension, but the general idearead and interpret a passageis the same. English You can (and should!) use most of the questions on the English section of the ACT for SAT Writing practice. Not only is it great practice for the passage-based style of the revised SAT, many of the questions offer similar tasks as those on the SAT. The ACT is slightly more focused on grammar, however, while the SAT really hones in on writing style. Math You can use most of the questions on ACT math to practice for revised SAT math. However, you should be aware that there is more geometry and trigonometry on the ACT than the revised SAT. Additionally, you may see one or two topics on the ACT that aren’t covered on the SAT, like matrices, logarithms, graphs of trig functions, and even scientific notation! Science ACT Science questions are passage-based, which is good practice for answering the data interpretation questions linked to the passages for the revised SAT’s Writing and Reading tests. The questions that will be most useful, however, will be those about interpreting data and figures. So focus on those and skip the rest. Example: ACT: Questions to Skip Save SAT prep time by skipping unnecessaryquestions. Reading No need to skip any reading questions. However, it’s worth noting that unlike on the SAT, questions on the ACT are not â€Å"in order†- the questions on a particular passage don’t move through the passage from start to finish, but instead may jump around A question may ask about the beginning of the passage, then the next may ask about the very end. This is just something keep in mind in terms of differences when you are using the ACT for practice. English You can skip the questions asking if the author fulfilled their purpose in the passage and why, as there is no similar question style on the revised SAT Writing test. There is normally about one of these â€Å"author’s purpose† questions per passage, towards the end of the questions on a particular passage. Example: Math You may want to skip the occasional question on logarithms, matrices, graphs of trig functions, and scientific notation, since you won’t see these things on the SAT. Science You can skip any question on the science test that’s not directly concerned with interpreting or representing data. This would include questions about hypothesis testing, experimental design, the scientific method, and so on. Example: What's Missing From the ACT That's Covered on the New SAT There are some key question types missing from the ACT that you need to be prepared to see on the SAT. Reading There are no Evidence Support question pairs on the ACT. Remember, evidence support question pairs involve answering a question about the passage and then providing evidence to support that answer in the following question. The Reading test on the ACT also does not include any questions on charts or data. These questions are covered on the Science test. English The English section on the ACT does not involve charts and graphs as on the revised SAT's Writing section, probably because these skills are tested on the Science section. Math The ACT math section lacks two key features that the revised SAT has: a no-calculator section, and grid-in questions. You may want to try solving ACT questions without a calculator when reasonable for some no-calculator practice. Also, practice ACT questions are all multiple-choice, so they won’t help you prepare for the SAT’s free-response grid-ins. Be prepared to be without this on the SAT! (The calculator, not your hand.) Where To Find Old SAT Practice Tests and ACT Tests The College Board and ACT, Inc. have kindly published free practice tests. We've collected them here for you. Old SAT Tests 2014-2015 Practice SAT|Answers 2013-2014 Practice SAT | Answers 2007-2008 Practice SAT (includes answers) 2004-2005 Practice SAT (includes answers) Practice ACT Tests ACT Practice Test 2015-2016 (Form 72CPRE) ACT Practice Test 2014-15 (Form 67C) ACT Practice Test 20-12 (Form 64E) ACT Practice Test 2008-09 (Form 61C) ACT Practice Test 2005-06 (Form 59F) A soothing rock pile in case you get overwhelmed by all these tests. Key Takeaways You can use old SAT tests as a resource for practice questions for the revised SAT. Old tests won’t give you the same feel as taking the revised test from start to finish, but many of the question types are similar.Writing has changed the most out of any of the sections; revised SAT Writing is much more similar to the ACT than the old SAT. In addition to old SAT tests, you can also use the ACT to prep for the new SAT. The English section and questions on the Science section about interpreting data and graphs may be particularly useful. There may only be 4 official free revised SAT practice tests available, but between old SATs and the ACT you can still build up a substantial stock of practice questions! What's Next? Check out our complete expert guide to the revised SAT. Need more prep materials? See our reviews of the best SAT prep books for 2016. If you're wondering how important your SAT score is, read our breakdown of the SAT and admissions. Taking the ACT? See our complete index of critical ACT prep articles. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Immigration and Settlement Annotated Bibliography

Immigration and Settlement - Annotated Bibliography Example Retrieved from http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/agency-agence/reports-rapports/ae-ve/2012/es-ee-eng.pdf This audit report from the Canadian Border Services Agency is an important governmental document that reiterates the purpose of the border agency. To identify and prohibit travelers that pose a threat to Canada’s security is one of the main aims of the border services agency. The report mentions that the enforcement teams comprise of about 4 percent of the border services officers and superintendents instated in the area. These enforcement teams work on all major transportation modes including land and air so as to detect any travelers that might be trying to enter the country illegally. This is a measure to control illegal immigrations by placing appropriate checks at the borders thereby stopping illegal movement at the borders. This report is a valuable governmental source of information regarding the border services and checks that have been put in place to control illegal entry into the country. In the chapter, the author has addressed the subject of illegal immigration as it presents itself as a problem in countries like United States and Europe. The issue of illegal immigration is studied in the light of multiculturalism and the challenge faced when promoting the idea in the midst of illegal behaviors. The author has examined the issue of Chinese immigrants who arrived on the shore of the Canadian border in 1999, and explains the views of most Canadians. Unsurprisingly, majority of the Canadians were opposed to illegal migration of the people and were determined to have them sent back to China before they stepped on to the land. The book is relevant for the research as it reflects the views of existing Canadian citizens on the subject of illegal immigration and settlement ignoring the multicultural aspect of their integration. The book addresses the issue of illegal immigration as a global problem

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Essay

Iola Leroy or, Shadows Uplifted by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Essay Example Harper Harper was born on September 24, 1825, in Baltimore, Maryland, and died on February 22, 1911, in Philadelphia, Pa. She was 86 years old when she died. During her lifetime she was recognized by historians as being one of the most important women of her time, not only as an African American author but also as an orator and as a social reformer.(1) interpreting the work, you will address either the question of meaning or significance. In other words, the key question (choose one) that you want to answer is: what does the work mean Answer: Problem with Themes which confuses what the novel is all about: First Paragraph introduces the work Significance of book, as well as contradictions to thesis: The book is important to American Literature because of its accurate descriptions concerning the cruelties suffered by slaves prior to and during the Civil War. (2) And while this also appears to be the main theme of the book, there are others which fight for this place. Three of these are: the life of the author as a social reformer in the late 1800's; the romantic life of Iola Leroy, who was also a social reformer, and the history of Christianity in the African American culture. One of the reasons this it is so difficult to understand the principal theme is that Harper uses two voices to tell the different stories in the novel. She uses the dialect of slaves in the first person voice to tell about the horrors they survived prior to and during the Civil War. This voice clearly tells the story of slavery in that era. The other voice is that of the third person. It is the voice of the author and speaks of her life as much or more than it does the life of Iola, the protagonist. The fact that Iola does not appear until the sixth chapter of the novel makes it more difficult to determine her place in the theme of the novel. Another confusing factor is the style of the book as a historic romance novel. Like most of these books, this novel spins a tale of fantasy romance with a happily ever after ending. In addition to these themes, the second part of the book's title implies the theme of shadows lurking over the characters in the book. One wonders if the book is about the shadows that haunt Harper as a Black American Woman or the lives of the characters in the book. Yet, this theme is not fully developed and, therefore, could not be called a central theme. This is just as true for the theme of the history of Christianity. Although the stories regarding this are entertaining they sometimes take away from the seriousness of the stories about slavery and they affects society. The back and forth movement of these stories add to the reader's confusion in searching for the meaning of the book. And there appears to be even more themes in the book, including that of the story of a Black American feminist. It is questionable as to whether or not the character of Iola is patterned after Harper's own life. Both women face discrimination, not only because of the "color" of their skin, but also because of their gender. This is a theme that could further be developed to make the novel more interesting in this respect. For example, Harper could expand on the occurrences of discrimination than Iola faces-describing more vividly how these takes place as

Business Communication Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Business Communication Essentials - Assignment Example The presenters of these videos are Pamela Mayer and Alison Gopnik. Let us begin with the presentation of Pamela Mayer where she is giving a presentation on how to spot a liar (TedGlobal, 2011a). Mayer relies on humor and presentation aides to make her presentation interesting and light. Mayer continuously uses the help of pictures shown on a slide mounted above and behind her so that viewers are able to clearly see the pictures and without the pictures, the slide shows a close shot of Mayer. Mayer begins her presentation by interacting with the audience and giving them a chance to laugh. In an online presentation, interaction with the audience would be limited and Mayer would not have been able to point at a specific person in the audience, rather she would have asked the viewer to consider his friend as a liar. Face-to-face presentation allows Mayer to pause while the laughter subsides and the attention of the audience is back on the presentation. Also Mayer uses presentation aides which are shown for a limited period of time and from a far off an gle. In an online environment, the viewers would have been able to view these aides at his pace. The presentation of Alison Gopnik relates to what babies think (TedGlobal, 2011b). The presentation of Gopnik is very similar to that of Mayer and we observe the same pattern. Gopnik gives her presentation standing up the whole team. In an online environment, Gopnik would have had the option of sitting down and giving her presentation in a relaxed manner. Gopnik also uses the help of presentation pictures to make her presentation more effective and communicative. In an online environment, the presenters have the option of adjusting their presentation to the pace of their viewers since online presentation do not allow for any

Isabel Allendes novel, La Casa de los Espritus Essay

Isabel Allendes novel, La Casa de los Espritus - Essay Example A major part of the novel relates their stormy marriage and the birth of their three children, punctuated with deaths and disaster, and seasoned with Trueba's worsening temper. A democratic senator in his later life, he witnesses the changing political scene before, during and after the military coup, and the disintegration of his family, health and everything that he holds dear. Esteban is one of the narrative axes of the novel. It is often through his eyes as the first-person narrator, or his emotions via the omniscient narrator, that the reader weighs the effects of the events of the story, bearing a witness to accompany Clara's notebooks until the moment when Alba would write her "testimonio". For example, when Rosa dies by accidental poisoning, it is from Esteban's perspective that we feel the senseless tragedy in the words: "no poda nadie comprender mi frustracin por haber pasado dos aos rascando la tierra para hacerme rico, con el nico propsito de llevar algn da a esa joven al altar y la muerte me la haba birlado." (p. 25). Likewise, the deaths of Jaime and Clara, and the arrest of Alba, are filled with pathos because of his gaze and voice:"cay de rodillas al suelo gimiendo como una criatura," (p. 174). Esteban is also witness to the destruction and ruinous passage of time, as he observes: "Dej sus maletas sobre una mesa y sali a recorrer la casa, luc hando contra la tristeza que comenzaba a invadirlo. Pas de una habitacin a otra, vio el deterioro que el tiempo haba labrado en todas las cosas." (p. 34) Trueba is the cornerstone of the family saga. His violent, delusional and idealistic personality is a catalyst for the many family disasters, and to some extent, the political disaster. His chauvinistic arrogance leads him to rape, impregnate and repudiate Pancha Garcia, whose grandson, Esteban, fed on his mother's dishonour, his uncle's resentment of the patrn, and his own sense of injustice at having to live a life of bastardry, takes revenge on the family by arresting, maiming and raping Alba. His arrogance forces the lovers to hide their love, Blanca to marry Jean de Satigny against her wishes and discover his "malfico reino de los incas" (p. 156). He outcasts his sister, Ferula, out of jealousy for her (unnatural) love for Clara, relegating her to a solitary death in the slums (p. 92). A symbol of just what a destructive force he is in the life of his family is when he and Jaime go to steal Rosa's body to place it beside Clara's in the "el mausoleo color salmn". The effect of hi s egotistical desire to see her and kiss her once more is that: en un instante la novia inmutable se deshizo como un encantamiento, se desintegr en un polvillo tenue y gris. Cuando levant la cabeza y abr los ojos, con el beso fro an en los labios, ya no estaba Rosa, la bella. En su lugar haba una calavera con las cuencas vacas, unas tiras de piel color marfil adheridas a los pmulos y unos mechones de crin mohoso en la nuca. (p. 184) But aside from the havoc of his attempts at control on his family, he bears no little responsibility in stirring up the political assassination of the

SD# 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SD# 3 - Essay Example Consequently, the monetary value of the firm, as expressed through the financial statement, incorporates these factors to ensure that the company is responsible and maintains a healthy relationship with the environment for a future success. When a firm fails to provide better services or pollutes the environment, the resulting outcome will affect its reputation and operations, thus threatening its existence. The purpose of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) is to provide a holistic model that gives a comprehensive view of the firm operations and business strategies. Specifically, the program uses both the financial and nonfinancial information to establish the effectiveness of the business in maintaining a viable and sustainable business environment (IIRC n.p.). As expressed in its vision, the IIRC intends to embed integrated thinking in the business practices to make it a corporate reporting norm that leads to efficient and productive capital allocation. Consequently, this will lead the company to financial stability and sustainability in its operations. Therefore, the purpose of the IIRC is to improve business reporting to restore public trust in businesses, enhance investor’s confidence, and ensure efficient capital allocation in the economy for a sustainable and stable business environment (IIRC n.p.). The stock exchange market is a dynamic industry that changes drastically due to various factors such as public perception of the company or a negative assessment of the firm by an external entity. Therefore, for the NASDAQ exchange market to value a business, it must have holistic and comprehensive information about the company. Specifically, that does not only mean its financial performance but also its nonfinancial activities that are crucial in determining its future performance in the stock exchange. The profitability of a business depends on strategic management and social

Emplyment Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emplyment Relation - Essay Example Another problem which is aggravating the situation is the arrangement of finances for the back-pays and the future wage increases by the councils. The dispute resolution process can be divided into three phases based on the types of grievances. All the three phases will be at work simultaneously with three separate HR teams working on the assignment. The first phase will address the issues of the employees who have been subjected to salary cuts. It is apparent that no employee will accede to their salary cut on the pretext of social justice. However, the financial prudence of implementing the equal pay policy requires that some financing of hike in wages be done through some salary cuts. So, the first thing that can be done is to re-evaluate the grades of those employees who have been subjected to salary cuts. This will be a time consuming exercise, however it will help in avoiding any further litigation. Some time can be saved by looking at data from previous litigations by such employees. It has been observed that some particular jobs had been upgraded after going into litigation. This data can be helpful in re-grading. A ta rget time can be set for this phase and during this time the salaries and other employment terms remain unchanged. For those whose grades are upgraded after the re-evaluation exercise, arrears can be paid at a later agreed-upon time. With this step the problems of the most aggrieved section of employees can be addressed. The time period for this re-evaluation of grades should not be more than 9 months. For those whose salaries will be upgraded after the re-grading exercise, there will be appropriate salary raise. For others whose grades still need to be revised towards the lower side, there will be no reduction in salary but only grade change. There other benefits will be downgraded but not the salary. They will be given a signing bonus in the form of 2.5% of their salary increment. These

SD# 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SD# 3 - Essay Example Consequently, the monetary value of the firm, as expressed through the financial statement, incorporates these factors to ensure that the company is responsible and maintains a healthy relationship with the environment for a future success. When a firm fails to provide better services or pollutes the environment, the resulting outcome will affect its reputation and operations, thus threatening its existence. The purpose of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) is to provide a holistic model that gives a comprehensive view of the firm operations and business strategies. Specifically, the program uses both the financial and nonfinancial information to establish the effectiveness of the business in maintaining a viable and sustainable business environment (IIRC n.p.). As expressed in its vision, the IIRC intends to embed integrated thinking in the business practices to make it a corporate reporting norm that leads to efficient and productive capital allocation. Consequently, this will lead the company to financial stability and sustainability in its operations. Therefore, the purpose of the IIRC is to improve business reporting to restore public trust in businesses, enhance investor’s confidence, and ensure efficient capital allocation in the economy for a sustainable and stable business environment (IIRC n.p.). The stock exchange market is a dynamic industry that changes drastically due to various factors such as public perception of the company or a negative assessment of the firm by an external entity. Therefore, for the NASDAQ exchange market to value a business, it must have holistic and comprehensive information about the company. Specifically, that does not only mean its financial performance but also its nonfinancial activities that are crucial in determining its future performance in the stock exchange. The profitability of a business depends on strategic management and social

Argument Stance On What Are The Ethical Costs of Modern Health Essay

Argument Stance On What Are The Ethical Costs of Modern Health - Essay Example According to Rottenberg & Winchell, in modern health, pro-life physicians find themselves at crossroads on whether to follow their conscience or adhere to the demands of their career (560-565). It is this fact that leads to one of the ethical issues in modern health. The same case applies to the pro-choice physicians, as Rottenberg & Winchell write, that have to ensure that they give all the information required to the patients, serve the patients accordingly so as to avoid cases of the patients being stigmatized and uninformed regarding the care given to them (560- 565). This brings in the informed consent issue unlike in the previous centuries where the medical practitioners had the final say on the patient’s health status. It is these advancements in modern health that have been the source of conflicts in the hospitals, the medical schools and in the organizations. Yet another factor that leads to ethical concerns in the modern health revolves around the fact that modern health has indeed evolved from two separate concepts of development that touch on bioethics and professionalism. In the modern world, one can easily argue that the medical sector is not governed by professional dominance that involved the activities of the doctors being decided in meetings and conferences. In today’s world, the interest has completely shifted to the interests of the patients; thus, lots of efforts have been put towards ensuring that order exists in the medical profession. As seen in the research conducted by Rottenberg & Winchell, the pro-choice advocates are at pains on whether to directly engage in abortion for fear of breaching the expected regulations especially when the case is an emergency case (564).

The effect of advertisement on people especially children and students

The effect of advertisement on people especially children and students Abstract Advertisement is all around us, we cant run away from it. One of the most important aims of advertising is to persuade consumers to buy a certain product. In general advertising have a negative effect in peoples mind. The product is done to be so effectively on people, so sometimes they are attracted to a product. And after they buy it they realize that the thing they saw in the advertisement is not really true. Advertisement has many effects on people and some of them are health and safety risks from false fact advertising, subliminal advertising, and deceiving children advertising. The false fact advertisements are deceiving people and lead them to buy products which it will affect negatively on them in the future. The most important audience for advertisement is children. Children are being controlled without knowing with the advertisement that is shown mostly on the TV. They are having problems like obesity because of the powerful attraction of advertisement. The third role of th e advertisement is subliminal advertisement and it sends ideas to people especially children and students which is inappropriate for them and effect them in the future. Itani 3 The word media was first used in the 1920s, and since the 1950s, amidst the high level of industrialization, mass media, radio and cinema, have been highly influencing politics. Mass media consists of all media technologies, including televisions, internet, radio, and newspapers, which are used also for mass communication. One of the messages the media transmits is advertising. Advertisement is an action to get the public attention towards a product or business through electronic media, or paid announcements in broad cast. Advertising can be done for a product, idea, person, or an organization. However, its importance lies in its containing only one single message that all the audience members would interpret alike. Advertising is a very important part of marketing. It is all around us, we cant run away from it. Where ever you look you see an advertisement; in your home you watch TV, and on the street seeing billboards. These days, TV and its advertisement are part of most families d aily life. It persuades people to buy their products. Customers get influenced by several types of advertisement to buy a product. These types are shown in different methods, like TV commercial campaigns, print media campaigns, billboards that are put on the streets, posters, product placement in films and TV programs, newspapers, magazines, and the internet. Studies on advertisement showed that TV ads are the most influential type of advertisement because most people watch TV, and because TV has the ability to transmit messages through sound, motion, and sight. Nowadays, commercials advertise their products that dont really function the way shown in the commercial. Advertisement programs should be for the peoples benefits not for the company. Consumers should be aware of risks in health and safety from false advertising, customers and children deceiving, and subliminal advertising. Itani 4 The economy is an important reason to keep advertisement in any country .Without spending every year hundreds of billions of dollars on advertising, many companies will lose money and many people will lose their jobs. On the other hand people are suffering and spending a lot of money on their medical care because they are being poisoned or had a disease because of the false and deceptive advertisement. Smoking advertisement is the most popular advertisement in the TV shows. It encourages people especially the teenagers to start to begin smoking. Smoking is so dangerous; it has many dangerous effects on heath. It causes many diseases like cancer which has no final cure. Smoking commercials are paying a lot of money to grab the attention of the people by their extremely nice advertisements. And people who smoke a lot dont realize the detrimental effect of smoking until they become ill and get obliged to pay more money on their health care. In Australia (2004- 2005) smoking related dis eases killed 14,900 Australians. This means that 40 deaths occurred every day. The major cause of that death was tobacco diseases including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart diseases. Smoking kills more men than women, and rates were high among the teenagers, young people, and people of lower level of education. We have many advertisements on the TV that are fake-false fact and deceive us and affect our health. Like nowadays, many people without any educational degree advertise for a fake unhealthy medicine for many diseases with a lower price than the real medicine. These advertised product fall under several names like Amana care, Zein, and others. Many of these â€Å"so-called† herbal products contain chemicals some of which were tested to be carcinogens. And, recently it was found that a large number of weight-reducing medications that are advertised under Itani 5 â€Å"100% natural products† contained medicinal chemicals that are known to cause many side effects. Unfortunately, despite these facts, such products continue to be publicized on TV where naà ¯ve people get seduced to buy them. Advertisement has many audiences, but it mainly concentrates on two which are children and students. Warren (2008) argues: â€Å"Over the last 30 years, the percentage of U.S children which have over weight and obese has more than tripled†. The average time that children spend on media was 5 hours a day. This means that obesity and overweight comes from the extra use of media. Food products use a large portion of the television advertisement. Studies on food advertising have concluded that it is largely comprised of unhealthy foods and appeals uniquely suited to children. Commercials of food advertising are playing a big role in making children become obese. They are using the developed graphics to show the food in an excellent way to grab the eye of the audience. Warren (2008) argues: â€Å"With the holistic processing strategies employed, fun and entertaining images of food are easily understood by young children†. Advertiser should promote new initiatives to encourage healthy diets and increased physical activity of children. How can people know the news of the new technology and a lot of varieties without looking on the advertisement? Advertisement is important in our social life, particularly in keeping us updated by indicating new product or replacement if the old ones. It also needs a feedback from the customers regarding any product. On the contrary, many commercials are deceiving people by manipulating the standards of products. It means that sellers are manipulating something that in realty is wrong. Like the hard disk drive product, they show it that it fits 300 GB but in reality it is less than that. They play a psychological role to make people think that the commercials are making products or selling it in a way to make people benefit from it. For example medicine advertisements are shown in way to let people think that they dont need a doctor for health problems, its enough to listen or see the advertisements of fake medicines. Nowadays, television advertising is showing only the positive par ts of the products, but the negative things of the product that effect the human body are hidden. Like the hair color advertisement, they show it shiny and in an excellent way, but when people buy it and the instruction are read and it dont have that it also cause side effects on skin depending on different skins, which is not shown in the advertisements, this will lead to false labeling on products neglect the reality between the customer and the commercial. Moreover people face the main problem for beauty products. Sometimes because of the ad seen on television people may be attracted towards a product that is not much important to their life of those may create negative impacts on the body. It is important to look at the advertisements because it adds to our beauty. It also increases the use of certain product and acquiring more orders. Advertising need new customers to increase the brand recognition. Broyles (2004) says that: â€Å"What is seen as subliminal advertisement nowadays began in 1957 by a movie theater†. Many of the perfumes, shampoos and others accessories ads delivers subliminal sexual messages as all the given who appear in these ads in behave and address in a seducing manner. Children and students are growing up with a bad behavior because of these sexual messages. Many people face problems from beauty products. Sometimes because of the advertisement that is seen on the TV attract people to buy it and it is not important to their life and also may create negative effects on their body. Many advertisement like shopping effect people especially women to buy clothes even though she dont need it but she was attracted by the advertisers. More than that people with little minded that dont have money go and borrow it to buy the product that they think they need. Kilbourne (2000) says that: â€Å"advertising has a great impact in all of us, but we dont realize that†. Advertisement seen every day, so people should choose the right ones and know which is good and bad for them. There must be supervision from the parents on their children.

Dialectic Neocapitalist Theory In The Works Of Tarantino Essay

Dialectic neocapitalist theory in the works of Tarantino 1. Tarantino and Derridaist reading In the works of Tarantino, a predominant concept is the concept of dialectic truth. However, Baudrillard promotes the use of modernism to read and modify class. Many desituationisms concerning the role of the participant as poet exist. If one examines prematerial Marxism, one is faced with a choice: either accept modernism or conclude that the task of the participant is deconstruction, given that prematerial Marxism is invalid. Therefore, the premise of dialectic neocapitalist theory implies that academe is intrinsically a legal fiction. The primary theme of Geoffrey's[1] essay on prematerial Marxism is a capitalist whole. The characteristic theme of the works of Tarantino is not modernism, as Lacan would have it, but neomodernism. In a sense, Lyotard uses the term 'postcultural discourse' to denote the economy, and subsequent absurdity, of semioticist society. The subject is contextualised into a modernism that includes narrativity as a reality. "Class is part of the meaninglessness of truth," says Sartre; however, according to Parry[2] , it is not so much class that is part of the meaninglessness of truth, but rather the fatal flaw, and eventually the failure, of class. But the main theme of Dietrich's[3] model of neotextual desublimation is a self-referential whole. Derrida's essay on modernism states that the goal of the reader is social comment. Thus, the with... Dialectic Neocapitalist Theory In The Works Of Tarantino Essay Dialectic neocapitalist theory in the works of Tarantino 1. Tarantino and Derridaist reading In the works of Tarantino, a predominant concept is the concept of dialectic truth. However, Baudrillard promotes the use of modernism to read and modify class. Many desituationisms concerning the role of the participant as poet exist. If one examines prematerial Marxism, one is faced with a choice: either accept modernism or conclude that the task of the participant is deconstruction, given that prematerial Marxism is invalid. Therefore, the premise of dialectic neocapitalist theory implies that academe is intrinsically a legal fiction. The primary theme of Geoffrey's[1] essay on prematerial Marxism is a capitalist whole. The characteristic theme of the works of Tarantino is not modernism, as Lacan would have it, but neomodernism. In a sense, Lyotard uses the term 'postcultural discourse' to denote the economy, and subsequent absurdity, of semioticist society. The subject is contextualised into a modernism that includes narrativity as a reality. "Class is part of the meaninglessness of truth," says Sartre; however, according to Parry[2] , it is not so much class that is part of the meaninglessness of truth, but rather the fatal flaw, and eventually the failure, of class. But the main theme of Dietrich's[3] model of neotextual desublimation is a self-referential whole. Derrida's essay on modernism states that the goal of the reader is social comment. Thus, the with...

Insulation :: essays research papers fc

Insulation Introduction The experimenter is testing on denim, cotton T-shirt material, wool fabric, thermal underwear, polyester fabric, and a Ziplock bag with no insulator. From research the experimenter learned that wool is a fine soft wavy hair that forms all or part of the protective coat of a sheep. Since ancient times it was harvested to provide clothing and is an important part in textile trade because of its insulation. Woolen fabric is when the woolen system uses short or mixed long and short fiber where no combing is done. It has a rough appearance and is most suitable for blankets, overcoats, and tweeds. Denim which the experimenter is also testing is the material used to make blue jeans and is currently one of the world's most popular fabrics. It is fairly heavy and is made with a blue cotton warp and a white cotton filling (Groilers, 1996). The thermal underwear is duofold, with an outer layer made of 65% cotton, 25% wool, and 10% nylon, and an inner layer made of 100% cotton. It's the winter again and the weather is becoming colder. Each morning many people wonder what to wear to stay as warm as possible, but they aren't sure which material will keep them warmest. The experiment was chosen to see which clothing insulator retains the most heat. "Insulation is material that protects against heat, cold, electricity, or sound." (Science Encyclopedia, 1984). In this case the insulation will be protecting against a cold temperature. The hypothesis is if denim, cotton T-shirt material, wool fabric, polyester fabric, thermal underwear, and a Ziplock bag with out insulating material are tested to see which one retains the most heat, then wool fabric will retain the most heat because it holds an important place in today's textile trade because of its good insulation and the fact that it comes from the protective coat of sheep who need to stay warm and use that as their insulator. Procedure The first thing the experimenter does is fill the inside of five, gallon-sized Ziplock bags with the insulation material so it is one centimeters thick all around. Leave the sixth Ziplock bag empty because it will serve as the control group. Then fasten the insulating materials to the inside of the gallon sized Ziplock bag with adhesive tape. Next the experimenter boils ten pints of tap water and let it cool until (using the candy thermometer) the temperature drops to 49 degrees Celsius. Then immediately fill each of the six canning jars with equal amounts of the water. Immediately after that drop a regular thermometer into each jar, and cap it