Lean Thinking and Six Sigma - 1343 Words

1.1 Lean Thinking: Lean Thinking is an improvement approach to improve flow and eliminate waste that was first introduced in 1987. At the beginning, Lean describes production methods and product development, when compare to traditional mass production processes, which produce more with higher quality and in a short time. The Lean’s goal is to develop a way to specify value, line up value to create value in the best sequences, conduct these activities without interruption and perform them more effectively (Womack and Jones 2013). Lean Thinking helps the removal of waste and anything unnecessary to produce the product or service. Lean methodology is a â€Å"back to basics† approach that places the needs of customers first through five steps: 1. Define value as determined by the customer, identified by the provider’s ability to deliver the right product or service at an appropriate price. 2. Identify the value stream: the set of specific actions required to bring a specific product or service from concept to completion. 3. Make value-added steps flow from beginning to end. 4. Let the customer pull the product from the supplier, rather than push products. 5. Pursue perfection of the process. In order to meet today’s healthcare system’s needs, Lean Thinking was introduced in to healthcare to deal with less staff exertion, less technology, less time, and less workspace while providing patients, physicians, nurses, and administrators with a high level of service, and implementingShow MoreRelatedLean/Six Sigma Quality in Healthcare634 Words   |  3 PagesLean/Six Sigma Quality in Healthcare: The healthcare industry needs systematic innovation initiatives in order to remain cost-efficient, competitive, and up-to-date just like any other service operation. Lean/six sigma is one of the methods that can be used to provide an efficient framework for generating innovation efforts in the healthcare industry. Some of the benefits associated with this approach include improving the quality of care services, controlling healthcare cost increases, and providingRead MoreLean Six Sigma And The Effects On Operations And Technology Strategy1484 Words   |  6 Pages Process Analysis on Lean Six Sigma and The Effects on Operations and Technology Strategy Lauren M. Nanney East Tennessee State University Abstract Do not indent/ need to add headings/subheadings, etc Process Analysis on Lean Six Sigma and The Effects on Operations and Technology Strategy Over the course of the past three decades, American industrial organizations have sought a wide variety of management programs in hopes to improve their competitivenessRead MoreLean Manufacturing Six Sigma Manufacturing1228 Words   |  5 PagesDISCUSSION Lean manufacturing six sigma Manufacturing: Six sigma and lean system has the same way of approaching but uses different technology to achieve the goal. The both procedure lives up to expectations for to dispense with waste and expand the productivity of the procedure and convey the zero defect items. Recognizable of primary cause of waste is the fundamental distinction between lean and six sigma. lean innovation says that waste originates from undesirable steps in the production processRead MoreSix Sigma605 Words   |  3 PagesCan any organization achieve six sigma levels of quality if there is strong leadership from the top, an aligned reward system, and a well trained workforce? In 1995, Jack Welch, the chairman of General Electric, proclaimed that Six Sigma1 was the most important initiative GE had ever undertaken. Six Sigma places special emphasis on the tangible cost savings achieved by minimizing waste and use of resources, while increasing customer satisfaction through the improvement of quality2. A leadershipRead MoreLean Manufacturing And Six Sigma1657 Words   |  7 Pagescustomers. Lean Manufacturing and Six-sigma approach has been applied in diverse manufacturing processes which in-turn has contributed significantly in achieving continuous improvements. By utilizing these tools, organizations focus on maximizing their bottom-line successes apart from improving their top-line growth. However, many organizations face difficulties while imparting these tools in their sophisticated business models. 2. Lean Six-sigma Methodology 2.1 Lean Management in Toyota Lean principlesRead MoreOrganizational Quality Improvement1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnumerous methodologies: Six Sigma, Lean, and Customer Inspired Quality. Each has its own pros and cons. A key component of quality improvement is the technology that gathers and compares the data that the quality improvement measure produces. All of the information that is gathered from the technology can be benchmarked against other health care organizations. Numerous methods exist for the integration of quality improvement into the health care setting. The Six Sigma model was pioneered byRead MoreSix Sigma Articles Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesdescribe what are the differences between theory/application/focus factors when comparing six sigma, lean and theory of constraints. Please elaborate your answer without writing article sentences, use you own words and demonstrate a comprehensive analysis. Making a comparison with a simple standpoint, the six sigma’s methodology is used to incremental improvement of existing processes, as it is the six sigma main tool, DMAIC. This tool is a strategy based on statistical quality, which gives muchRead MoreEssay about Managing Quality Improvement in Healthcare938 Words   |  4 Pageshave been conducted to analyze the effectiveness of such programs. Lean, Six Sigma and Total Quality Management (TQM) are three programs that will reviewed by three different case studies in efforts to understand them and to compare and contrast their capabilities. Lean In a qualitative study, Sobek (2011) identifies and articulates the critical success factors and strongest inhibitors to the implementation and sustainability of lean quality management practices within healthcare organizations. TheRead MoreImplementation Of A Project Team Formed And A Manager From Procurement Department834 Words   |  4 Pagesfinance teams on price approvals causing delays. 4. Improve phase implementation: Various techniques were used in the improve phase to find the solutions to fix all root causes using processes like brain storming, benchmarking, creative thinking and different lean techniques. Some of the improvement actions that were implemented are: †¢ Cut down multiple verifications and approvals by merging some process steps. †¢ Consolidated the qualified vendors list. †¢ Held discussions with vendors and revisedRead MoreComparing Lean And Six Sigma Alpha Sigma1640 Words   |  7 PagesResubmit question 2. Contrast and compare lean and six sigma sigma teams. You may want to consult your Six sigma Sigma textbook (The Six sigma Sigma Black Belt Handbook by McCarty, Daniels, Bremer and]] [Gupta) since it contains extended discussions about these teams. Thinks of what skills team members need to have, how the teams are organized, what kind of problems they solve. For instance, lean teams may solve sporadic problem while six sigma sigma team may solve chronic problems that may not be

Karl Marx And The German Ideology - 1437 Words

INTRODUCTION Long before our time, two prominent German philosophers emerged at the forefront of ideology and thinking. These two men were Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche who pioneered the idea of truths, religion, reality, etc. Karl Marx’s essay, â€Å"The German Ideology,† otherwise known as Marxism, focused upon the materialistic processes that brought life into our world and the abuse of the burgeouse on the proletariat. This theory later went on to found the core beliefs of communism and played a fundamental role in the world. His theory raised questions of equality, justice, and division of labor which became ANALYSIS The most significant difference between Marxism and Deconstruction arises when we analyze their understanding of the†¦show more content†¦Karl Marx emphasizes the sense of equality and humanity among men and thus, saying there is no significant difference between them. He states that no matter the work or task they perform, they will perform a said task to the highest of abilities and thus deserve equal accommodations. The Friedrich Nietzsche argues against this. He states, â€Å"Every idea originates through equating the unequal,† (263) therefore the origin and culture of an object add an additional layer of meaning to it. The fact remains that not everything is equal. It is through inequality that objects are given meaning and thus gives a sense of livelihood within each word. For example, the word â€Å"bad† and â€Å"horrendous† have the same denotation, yet completely different connotations. The connotation of â€Å"bad† is something far les s severe than that of â€Å"horrendous†. This sense of equality not only gives a more significant meaning to each individual word but also gives a sense of life to each word. Without this form of inequality, we would never have this. It is the sense of inequality and comparison between two things that gives the object its true meaning. Within the article on German Ideology, Marx argues that the activity, not the origin, of an individual, adds meaning to that individual. He states â€Å"... the activity of these individuals, a definite form of expressing theirShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx on the German Ideology843 Words   |  3 PagesKarl Marx on the German Ideology: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels collaborated to produce The German Ideology, which was one of the classic texts generated by the two. Even though The German Ideology stands our as one of the major texts produced by the two, it was never published during Marx’s lifetime. This was a clear expression of the theory of history by Marx and its associated materialist metaphysics. One of the main reasons this text is a classic text by these philosophers is the fact thatRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Ideology1713 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th, 1818, in Trier, Germany. (Rà ¼hle, 1943) He was a university scholar who gained knowledge in topics such as philosophy, law and history. (Rà ¼hle, 1943) Marx eventually switched from studying law to study philosophy, in which he gained his doctorate degree at Jena in. (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Pfaff, Virk, 2012) Marx was known for being not only a social critic but also an economist. Marx is also known to have close working ties to Frederick Engels, a fellow sociologistRead MoreKarl Marx s The German Ideology2228 Words   |  9 PagesIn The German Ideology, Karl Marx explores and attempts to shape a definition of ideology. Marx says that ideology is the production of ideas, of conceptions, of consciousness, all that men say, imagine, conceive (Blunden). Marx goes on to say that this includes language of politics, laws, morality, religion, metaphysics, etc. (Leitch 655). Subscribing to the idea of base and superstructure, Marx identifies ideology as the superstructure of a civilization. The dominating ideas of a societyRead MoreThe Soul And Consciousness Of Revolutionary Politics1482 Words   |  6 PagesConsciousness 5 IV Degeneration and Global Revolution (ideology) 6 V Psychology of Political Duty and Freedom 7 VI Conclusion 7 VII Bibliography 8 I In this short paper I will be comparing and contrasting the political psychology of Plato’s Republic and Karl Marx’s political theory. Their concepts of group consciousness will be contrasted as well as how the nature and existence of ideology affect their theories. This will be concluded by a discussionRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreThe Wealth Of Nations By Adam Smith1384 Words   |  6 Pageswritten by Karl Marx and have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student; he was not an outstanding student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career at the University of Bonn, a college known for their rebellious students and wild parties. All too quickly Marx was sweptRead MoreEssay on Biography of Karl Marx1220 Words   |  5 PagesBiography of Karl Marx Only in the course of the world’s history can a person born over a hundred years ago be as famous today as they were back then. Karl Marx is one person that fits this category. He paved the way for people of the same political background as his own. Marx’s ideas were unique and started uproar all over Europe. Marx helped write the Communist Manifesto one of the most important pieces of literature on Communism ever written. At one time people feared Communism asRead MoreThe Nazi Ideology Of National Socialism1355 Words   |  6 Pagesand agreeably answered by the Germans. Some, like Adolf Hitler, believed the Jews were an untrustworthy and tainted breed and, ultimately, should be terminated. This leads to the Nazi ideology of National Socialism. A philosopher by the name Martin Buber believed that Judaism was more than a nation and could not solely behave as one. On the contrary, Bruno Bauer proposed that Jews cut their religious ties all together and become po litically emancipated while Karl Marx critiques this idea and proposesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Common Sense By Thomas Paine1474 Words   |  6 PagesTse-Tung. Karl Marx’ works, Capital and The Communist Manifesto, have forever changed the course of history. On May 5, 1818, Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (modern day Trier, Germany) to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. Throughout Karl’s schooling years, he was considered to be an ordinary student and did not take school seriously. In 1835, Marx began his college career at the University of Bonn, a college known for their rebellious students and wild parties. All too quickly, Marx was sweptRead MoreKarl Marx s View On Race And Ethnicity865 Words   |  4 PagesRace is rarely mentioned by the three early proponents of the field of sociology, Karl Marx, Emiele Durkheim and Max Weber. However, when it is cited, these sociologists voiced very diverse opinions on the matter of race and oppression. Marx regarded race as vestige of the pre-industrial era and thus, would be superseded by â€Å"reductionism† (Cite). Emiele Durkheim believed race, which he referred to as â€Å"ethnicity,† was a factor in connecting an individual to a subgroup of society, but play ed little

Contribution of William Finn

Question: Describe about attributes of William Finn within the era of music, lyrics and playwrights? Answer: Introduction: This assignment is based on the attributes of William Finn within the era of music, lyrics and playwrights. William Finn is the American music composer and lyricist of different musicals or Broadway. William Finns creation Falsettos received Tony Awards for best music and lyrics in the year 1992. Contribution of William Finn: A playwright is considered as the person who writes drama. A playwright is the person who writes different literature works and drams. William Shakespeare is the example of a playwright. He is the significant figure within the English literature of world. The history of playwright is involved within the literature of ancient Greeks. Ancient Greece is the major contributor within the aspect of Playwright and literature (Fogel). Therefore, William Finn can be considered as one of the prominent figures of playwrights, lyricists and musicals within the era of American culture (Waite and Brittany). On the other hand, (Meffe) argued that, William Finn can be considered as one of the prominent lyricists of contemporary America. Finn generally includes contemporary topics of homosexuality, Jewish culture, sickness, family belonging and loss within his different songs and lyrical elements. Different productions of William Finn have performed in different Broadway theatres. One of the greatest productions of William Finn had performed within different broadways. Falsettos opened on Broadway production at John Golden Theatre on 29 April in the year 1992. This show has run for 486 performances within different Broadway presentations. Most of the creation of William Finn has gained the success in many productions of Broadway. However, the Broadway productions of America have the successful aspect by the musicals of William Finn. As discussed by (Finn), the musicals of William Finn enhance the current form of music with added advantages. Enjoyable music and lyric are the major ingredients of the broadways of William Finn. William Finn has received different awards for his contribution in writing lyrics. He has also received immense success within the aspect of off broad way projection of some dramas and musicals. His Little Miss Sunshine has received award. It also had performed in Off Broadway theatre. However, the off Broadway is a smaller than Broadway theatre. It is similar like Broadway theatre. The musical scores of William Finn are moving and melodious. However, the popular musical of William Finn is the 25th annual Putnam county spelling bee. However, William Finn is the composer, lyricists and book writer of some of his Broadway and off Broadway presentation. Broadway presentation of America: The concept of Broadway musicals is one of the most distinctive products of the culture of America. These Broadway theatres are based on the activities of dramas and musicals. However, these broadways present the contemporary social as well as class issues within the particular society. The Broadway presentations have grown as one of the most distinctive cultural document of twentieth century (Carr). The contents of those Broadway are involved in some topics of society, class and political movements. The famous shows are In Trousers, A new Brain, and Romance in hard times and Falsettos. However, some of the shows of William Finn has not projected in broadway. Therefore, William Finn has stated in some interview that he wants to see Romance in Good times in Broadway presentation (Day and Lori Brooke). However, the broad way is the wide as well as big avenue of the city of Manhattan within the city of United States. There are different roads those offer different theatre district within the time square of the broad way within the street of America. The broad way has been distinguished as a very gorgeous musical and dramatist presentation. Broad way plays have presented different attributes of play and dramas towards the audience of the society. Most of the broad way plays are musical. Within the New York City, different types of theatrical productions are there in order to provide colorful drama towards the audience (Deutsch, Anne C). As discussed by (Gmez), the form of broad way plays has been remained as popular form of plays within the society. Other types of plays can be projected within different small grounds of movies. However, this broad way play requires extra large ground for delivering this type of dramas for the audiences. Broadway play with incorporation of some musical elements can entertain the people. Broadway presentation helps to attract wide range of audience within different streets of the America. Broad way dramas are very popular within this area (Gmez and Alejandro Postigo). Contents of Broadway of William Finn: However, William Finn has focused upon the contemporary societal and political or psychological aspects of human being. He has written some songs those are incorporated with his autobiographical aspect. He has won awards for best book writing and making of song. He generally has contributed upon the Broadway and off Broadway presentations of his musicals (Kaiser). William Finn is the eminent figure within the contemporary aspect of American culture. The musicals of William Finn generally have gained the inspirations from the daily experiences of Finn. William Finn has written one musical A new Brain in 1998. Therefore, this musical was based on the practical experience of AVM and the successful surgery of Finn. He is a composer and writer for his musicals. He also holds the position of faculty of Barrington Stage Companywithin Pittsfield of Massachusetts. He has held this position for the past four years of his career (Carter). Conclusion: William Finn is one of the prominent figures of musicals and drams of American culture. He is one of the notable persons within the aspect of musicals, dramas of contemporary America. Finn has provided lyrics and music for cartoons and productions of television. He has also written for a television show that is based on the sonnet of Shakespeare. William Finn is the eminent figure within the era of Broadway musicals. He has own different awards for his presentation of Broadway musicals. The Broadway musicals of William Finn have presented the notions of different social contexts within the contemporary American society. Reference list: Carr, Tracy. "Sources: The Complete Book of 1950s Broadway Musicals."Reference User Services Quarterly54.3 (2015): 60. Carter, Tim. "Review: Show Boat: Performing Race in an American Musical."Journal of the American Musicological Society67.2 (2014): 600-605. Day, Lori Brooke. "Turn off the Danger: The Lack of Adequate Safety Incentives in the Theatre Industry."NYUL Rev.88 (2013): 1308. Deutsch, Anne C. "Sources: Dirty Deals?: An Encyclopedia of Lobbying, Political Influence, and Corruption."Reference User Services Quarterly54.3 (2015): 60-61. Gmez, Alejandro Postigo. "The Copla Musical: Exploring Intercultural Exchanges between English and Spanish Musical Theatre."Acotaciones34 (2015). Kaiser, D. J. "The Evolution of Broadway Musical Entertainment, 1850-2009: Interlingual and Intermedial Interference." (2013). Waite, Brittany. "A Review of Annegret Fauser's Sounds of War: Music in the United States during World War II."Critical Voices: The University of Guelph Book Review Project5.1 (2015): 22-27.

The Dissolving of Solid Sodium Hydroxide in Water Procedure free essay sample

Measure out approximately 205 mL of distilled water and pour it into the calorimeter. Stir carefully with a thermometer until a constant temperature is reached. Record the volume of water and the constant initial temperature of the water on your data table. 2. Place a plastic measuring trough on top of the digital balance, and then zero the balance (press the tare button) so that the mass of the trough will be ignored and will not be added to the total mass measured by the balance. Measure out approximately three to five scoops of solid sodium hydroxide and record the mass to your data table. 4. Place the solid sodium hydroxide into the water in the calorimeter and replace the lid immediately. Stir gently until the solid is completely dissolved and record the highest temperature reached. Data and Observations Distilled Water Volume 205. 2 mL Constant Initial Temperature 24. 2Â °C NaOH Mass 2. 535g Final Temperature 27. 8Â °C Calculations 1. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dissolving of Solid Sodium Hydroxide in Water Procedure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Write out a balanced equation for the process you investigated in Part I, including phase symbols. NaOH(s) + H2O(l) -gt; Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) 2. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide dissolved. Show your work. 3. Calculate the amount of energy involved in this dissolving process. Show your work. qsurroundings = -qsystem qsystem = -3. 126kJ 4. Determine the enthalpy change, per mole of sodium hydroxide dissolved. Show your work. Part II: The Reaction of Sodium Hydroxide Solution with Hydrochloric Acid Procedure 1. Measure out approximately 100 mL of 0. 50 M hydrochloric acid solution and 100 mL of 0. 50 M sodium hydroxide solution. Record both volumes on your data table. 2. Pour the hydrochloric acid solution into the calorimeter. Measure and record the initial temperature of each solution and record on your data table. 3. Add the sodium hydroxide solution to the acid solution in the calorimeter and immediately replace the lid of the calorimeter. Stir the mixture and record the highest temperature reached. Data and Observations HCl Solution 100. 9mL NaOH Solution 100. 9mL Initial HCl Temperature 25. 2Â °C Mixed Solution Temperature 28. 2Â °C Calculations 1. Write out a balanced equation for the reaction you investigated in Part II, including phase symbols. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) -gt;Â   NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) 2. Determine the enthalpy change of this reaction. Show your work. 4. Using the accepted values of the processes youve examined, would your estimation of the enthalpy change for the reaction of solid sodium hydroxide in aqueous hydrochloric acid change from the prediction you made in question one? Yes, because somehow my data is way off with a 98. 2% error. The enthalpy change should be almost twice my initial prediction. 5. Give a detailed explanation, using what you know about bonds and forces of attraction, for the enthalpy changes you observed in parts I and II of this lab. NaOH is an ionic bond and is stronger than a covalent bond, so naturally it would require a higher amount of energy to break apart. 6. If the hole for the thermometer in a calorimeter is wider than the diameter of the thermometer, leaving a gap between the lid and the thermometer itself, how do you think this would this affect the temperature change observed in the experiment? How would this affect the calculated enthalpy change? Heat would escape through the gap and you would observe lower temperatures than what would actually occur and result in lower enthalpy change.

Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows

Where the Red Fern Grows By: Wilson Rawls SETTINGS: The story takes place in the Cherokee Country. The Cherokee Country is a beautiful valley. The country is big with a lot of space to go around for everyone. It is the foothills of the mountain to the banks of the Illinois River in the northern eastern of Oklahoma where the house was located at. The land was rich and the smell of spring was the scent you would sell. The house was at the edge of the foothill in the mouth of the canyon and it was surrounded by grove of huge red oaks. To the back of the house you could see miles and miles of Ozarks. Below the fields is where the Illinois River ran. CHARACTERS: The main character in the story is Billy in the beginning of the story he was only ten years old. He was a country boy, skinny, tall, and a very active boy. Little Ann and Old Dan are the two hound dogs that Billy owns. When Billy First got the dogs, Little Ann was small if it wasn’t for her long ear you wouldn’t be able to tell that she was a hound dog. Old Dan was bigger then Little Ann but he was a wild little dog. Both dog where very smart and they were quick learners. The other characters in the story are Billy’s mom, dad, sister, and grandfather. Billy’s mom was Cherokee blood and that why the land was allotted to her. She was a very hard working house wife. His Dad worked n the farm. He worked to maintain his family. Now Billy had three little sisters that were younger then him. They were the curies little girls that you can find. Billy’s grandfather was a respected man. Billy’s family was not very rich they lived off what they grow in their farm, but yet they were united and hard workers. PLOT: The first Event that takes place in the story is that Billy sees an old dog get jumped by other dogs. At first Billy didn’t pay attention to it, but as he got closer he saw that it wasn’t a fair fight. Billy started to make noise to sc... Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows Free Essays on Where The Red Fern Grows Where the Red Fern Grows By: Wilson Rawls SETTINGS: The story takes place in the Cherokee Country. The Cherokee Country is a beautiful valley. The country is big with a lot of space to go around for everyone. It is the foothills of the mountain to the banks of the Illinois River in the northern eastern of Oklahoma where the house was located at. The land was rich and the smell of spring was the scent you would sell. The house was at the edge of the foothill in the mouth of the canyon and it was surrounded by grove of huge red oaks. To the back of the house you could see miles and miles of Ozarks. Below the fields is where the Illinois River ran. CHARACTERS: The main character in the story is Billy in the beginning of the story he was only ten years old. He was a country boy, skinny, tall, and a very active boy. Little Ann and Old Dan are the two hound dogs that Billy owns. When Billy First got the dogs, Little Ann was small if it wasn’t for her long ear you wouldn’t be able to tell that she was a hound dog. Old Dan was bigger then Little Ann but he was a wild little dog. Both dog where very smart and they were quick learners. The other characters in the story are Billy’s mom, dad, sister, and grandfather. Billy’s mom was Cherokee blood and that why the land was allotted to her. She was a very hard working house wife. His Dad worked n the farm. He worked to maintain his family. Now Billy had three little sisters that were younger then him. They were the curies little girls that you can find. Billy’s grandfather was a respected man. Billy’s family was not very rich they lived off what they grow in their farm, but yet they were united and hard workers. PLOT: The first Event that takes place in the story is that Billy sees an old dog get jumped by other dogs. At first Billy didn’t pay attention to it, but as he got closer he saw that it wasn’t a fair fight. Billy started to make noise to sc...

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert!

Write Your Dissertation Like an Expert! Dissertations: What You Have to Know Dissertations are a stressful and tough task to do. But they are manageable, just like other types of academic writing. So stop stressing out. Your committee will feel the insecurity like a shark, and you have to convince them you’ve written an awesome work. But how to do that? These tips may help. You should write strongly and confidently. Use active constructions and reword the sentences to avoid excessive passive voice usage. Also, it is often recommended to stay away from vague wordings. You should place words like ‘mostly’, ‘probably’, etc. with caution. However, do not be arrogant. Write in a respectful tone. Write inside-out. You might find it helpful to write your dissertation inside-out starting from the chapters that hold the main part of you research and then framing them with the sections like introductions and the list of sources. Add abstract. An abstract is a valuable piece of writing. It is a short summary of your work which can give the reader a basic idea of what your dissertation is about. What else to remember You have to make sure you place all the parts of your writing as they are required to be. Most of the dissertations include an introduction, several body chapters, an abstract and other parts. There are other options, as well. Also, it is important to plan your time as you write. This will allow you to make it without a rush and devote as much attention as needed to every stage of work. You have an awesome chance to reach high quality of writing, so do not waste it due to poor time management. The more you read on dissertations, the better your result will be, so do your research before you prepare to work. You have all it takes to make an amazing work, and we believe you can reach the highest results, so time to get ready for it! Go deliberate about your writing preferences and the things you’d like to deliver to the public. Do you know what time it is? It’s time to write an awesome dissertation and present it in order to get a degree you’ve been dreaming of! We hope you do it. Concentrate, plan, and get down to writing.

Critique for "the piano lesson" play at stagehouse theatre Essay - 1

Critique for "the piano lesson" play at stagehouse theatre at grossmont college - Essay Example In The Piano Lesson, Esther Skandunas provides the costume design. Danielle Dudley sets the stage for the play. The stage manager is Aimee-Marie Holland. On the stage is an antique piano directly under an ancient painting. A stool covered with an old tablecloth stands in front of the piano. A sofa faces the audience just behind the piano. There is a kitchen and a wall clock hung above the cabinet. In the center of the stage are dining chairs and a table. On the table are four glasses with whisky. A staircase leads to an upper room. The piano is the major prop located in a place from where we refer all other items. It is the artifact in which all the family history is enshrined. The setting was in the 1930s. The piano is customized with the curving of the owner which indicates a strong connection of this item and the central theme. This arrangement of the stage suffices all the activities in the play that convey different themes. Some of the ideas are not well displayed in the stage design applied. Superstition is a theme in this play. We expect the stage to be equipped with props that suit this theme like caskets or smoke emanating from one corner of the stage. The lighting design was provided by Craig Everett. It is partly produced by a bulb hanging from the ceiling of the stage emitting yellow light. Blue light comes from a bulb directly above the audience. The lighting patterns in this stage help emphasize the theme. Supernatural powers apparent in this play are illustrated by the blue light that is visible even outside the room. All the scenes were lit all the time. If the stage was darkened at times when the spirits were say talking, the show could be livelier and express some fears in the audience at the thought of ghosts’ visitation. The question of Family history is well captured in the play. The piano is a family souvenir that reminds it of its historical legacy. Two characters, particularly bring out the issue of historical legacy, and

Affluent Society 1950 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Affluent Society 1950 - Term Paper Example During the World War, Roosevelt declared Detroit as Arsenal of Democracy. Most of the American males were involved in War and women were also called to develop weapons in Arsenal of democracy. Subsequently, unemployed had already dropped suddenly. On the other hand, America fortunately did not lose much of its assets during war. As the World War ended American businessman saw an open world to market it out whatever goods they could make. Rest of the world was somehow under deep requirements to overcome from damages that had hurt international economy quite badly. As DeGrasse (1981) puts factually: Before the World War, United States was mired in the great depression. Unemployment which had been as high as 24.9 in 1933 still averaged 14.6 in 1944. During the World War unemployment dropped rapidly. In 1942 it averaged 4.7 and in 1944 it reaches wartime 1.2. As a result, a number of populations had got various jobs in overwhelming economy that created a booming middle class. Earlier thi s boom could not be recognized so clearly. However, as American Business expanded through the world, this class continued to spread. Further, it became the base of future economic and marketing development of American society which helped America to soon reach at the status of an economic superpower.

Chocolate liquor Essay Example for Free

Chocolate liquor Essay Chocolate is a confection made from cacao beans, the seeds of the cacao plant. There are a large number of products made from it on the market, from powdered cocoa for making drinks to white chocolate, and most markets carry a cross-section of confections for their customers. In addition to being available at general markets and grocery stores, chocolate can also be purchased from specialty companies which make luxury and distinctive confections. Making chocolate is a time consuming process. Cacao plants are grown on plantations in South America, where the plant is native, and in parts of Africa. There are actually several varieties of cacao plant, all of which produce chocolates with slightly different flavors, and the flavor is also impacted by where the plant it grown, how it is handled after harvest, and how it is processed. Companies invest a great deal of money in developing ideal blends of cacao beans to create the flavors their consumers are used to. Cacao beans grow in large pods which are harvested once they ripen and then allowed to ferment. Initially, the cacao beans are extremely bitter; the fermentation process softens the bitterness, allowing producers to move on the next steps, roasting and hulling. Roasting helps to develop the flavor of the beans, while shelling exposes the cacao nibs, the portion of the bean which has all the flavor. Once cacao nibs are extracted, they must be ground into a substance known as chocolate liquor. This liquor isnt something youd want to eat: it is extremely fatty, thanks to the cocoa butter it contains, and it is gritty and bitter. This liquid is then pressed to create what is known as press cake, a substance consisting primarily of cocoa solids, while the cocoa butter is allowed to drain away. Once press cake has been created, producers have a number of options. To make cocoa, they can squeeze the press cake even more to isolate the cocoa solids before allowing it to dry and then pulverizing it. They can also blend some of the cocoa butter back in, along with sugar and other ingredients, to produce eating chocolate, which is subjected to a process called conching to create a smooth, creamy confection without any traces of grittiness. Eating varieties can also be adulterated with milk, creating milk chocolate, and the level of sweetness can vary widely. For white chocolate, cocoa butter is mixed with vanilla and milk. The history of chocolate is almost as interesting as the confection itself. In its native South America, it was prepared in drinks reserved for royalty and high ranking members of society. When European explorers visited, they were introduced to chocolate, and upon bringing the food back to Europe, it became a big hit. Eventually, Europeans started experimenting, adding sugar and other ingredients and ultimately developing a process which would allow them to make bars in addition to drinks. With the development of bar chocolate, confectioners realized that it had a wide range of possibilities, from candy bar coating to truffles, and the once rare luxury turned into an extremely profitable global industry.

Descartes and the Existence of Physical Objects Essay -- Descartes

Descartes and the Existence of Physical Objects In his sixth meditation Descartes must return to the doubts he raised in his first one. Here he deals mainly with the mind-body problem and tries to prove whether material things exist with certainty. In this meditation he develops his dualist argument; by making a distinction between mind and body; although he also reveals that the are significantly related. He considers existence of the external world and whether its perception holds any knowledge of this world. He also questions whether this knowledge is real or is merely an illusion. He makes it quite clear how misleading and deceiving some external sensations can be. In the beginning of this last meditation he attempts to prove the existence of external object. One way of achieving this is by recognizing the distinct ideas he had of external objects are thoroughly imprinted in his memory, he realizes that the concept of these ideas could not have originated from his mind. Therefore holding the clear knowledge of these objects was a projection of other objects. He realized he...

Audience Analysis Essay

Many of us may know that Breast Cancer is a real prominent disease. With breast cancer being one of the top five killers of man-kind, I wanted to give information in regards to what the disease is. This disease is Cancer of the Breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US. This topic means a lot to me being that I’ve watched two grandmothers die from the disease and currently watching a auntie battle from it, not to mention my mom being a survivor, so in my opinion this topic felt extremely suitable for this informative speech. The purpose of my speech being on Breast Cancer, is simply to inform my audience about what Breast Cancer is, who/what it effects and its early detection. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), breast cancer is the most widespread cancer in U.S. women, it is very severe that women/men become aware of this disease. More than two million women are living with breast cancer, and more than 40,000 deaths are expected this year. The death rate has dropped steadily since 1990 (averaging a 2.3% decrease per year) due to improvements in early detection and treatment; the 5-year survival rate has risen to 88% (ACS, 2005). The type of organizational pattern I plan on using is being able to inform; I want to be able to educate my audience about my topic. I want to include some facts and statistics based on my research in regards. The information I plan to provide to my audience will be useful and interesting to help them develop their own questions and thoughts about breast cancer. References: American Cancer Society (ACS) . ( 2005 ). Breast cancer facts and figures, 2005–06 . Atlanta : Author .

Media influences on anti-social behaviour Essay

The cognitive priming explanation suggests that aggressive ideas shown in the media (particularly films) can ‘spark off other aggressive thoughts in memory pathways as proposed by Berkowitz (1984). After a violent film, the viewer is ‘primed’ to respond aggressively because the memory network involving aggression is activated.  Criticism: +  Evidence to support the cognitive priming explanation was shown in the Hockey game study by Josephism (1987) who’s boys who had been ‘primed’ to be aggression through viewing an aggressive film acted more aggressively in a subsequent hockey game where relevant behavioural cues were present. Arousal:  The arousal explanation suggests that arousal increases the dominant behaviour in any situation. If the feeling of arousal is attributed to anger, then aggression is likely to result. Research has shown that the arousal produces by (violent) pornography facilitates aggressive behaviour as shown by Zillman (1978)  Criticism:  If arousal is attributed to factors other than anger, then arousal will not necessarily result in aggression? Cultivation effect:  The cultivation effect by Gerbner and Gross (1976) suggests that the medium of television creates (or cultivates a distrust or unrealistic fear in viewers. This causes viewers to misperceive (or exaggerate) threats in real life and react in a more violent way. This is also referred to as the ‘mean world’ effect.  Criticisms:  The main problem with the cultivation effect explanation is that people who are particularly fearful are likely to avoid any threatening situations in the first place. Thus increasing the level of fear might actually help to reduce the level of violence. Desensitisation:  Desensitisation suggests that repeated exposure to violence in the media reduces the impact of the violence. People become desensitised to the violence and it has less impact on the (habituation). They become less anxious about violence per se and may therefore engage in more violent behaviour.  Criticisms:  The desensitisation argument suffers because it could be argued that desensitised individual might be less aroused by violence and therefore not be so easily provoked by real life violence. Similarly, desensitised individuals may become indifferent to the violent message. Research relating to anti social behaviour  Copy cat effect: A01: Bandura  He suggested that people are aversely affected by the media in that television can shape behaviour through imitative learning. Watching role models perform violently may increase violent behaviour in those viewers already motivated to aggress. Television may also teach viewers the negative or positive consequences of their violence. Paik and Comstock (1994) did find that the effect on anti-social behaviour was greater if the actor was rewarded for their action. Criticisms:  1) there is a lot of experimental evidence to support the social learning theory explanation. Bandura et al (1963) study into the imitation of film – mediated aggressive models showed that children who observe a model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll subsequently behave more aggressively than those who see the model punished for their actions. This well controlled experiment and the identification of specific learned responses provides good evidence for imitative leaning.  2) The sample characteristics were unrepresentable (only children from a university nursery) and the study has been criticised for lacking ecological validity. 3) The study did not really measure real aggression (a Bobo doll is designed to be hit) and only short term effects of the media was assessed.  However Hicks (1965) found that 40% of models acts were reproduced up to eight months after one showing of a 10 minute film.  4) The study has also been criticised for its ethical stance, where children were encouraged to be aggressive.

Man and the Environment essays

Man and the Environment essays Mankinds effect on the environment has been one of the most controversial social issues in recent years. The environment has constantly been in the forefront in most political debates. There are two sides to every story. Chris Bright says that yes, mankind is dangerously harming the environment. On the other side, Bjorn Lomborg, says the environment is in fact improving, not declining. Im going to be discussing both sides of this issue and then giving my own opinion. Much of the information on development in the 1960s was based on the belief that all of mankind would prosper. It really ignored the strong effects of development on the environment and assumed that the readiness of raw materials would not be a factor. The thinking was that all people working together would get richer because they would be investing in new technologies that would bring more wealth to all. By the end of the 1960s, a marine scientist Rachel Carsons book Silent Spring, had an enormous impact on the public. Her book noticed the loss of birds to pesticides. Her book also made all classes of the population to realize that the pollution affects everyone, not just the rich. Another professor, Paul Ehrlich, was worried about overpopulation being the demise of mankind. He thought that the population was about five times too large, and we were using our resources to not only overpopulate but to also over use our environment. We were poisoning the ecological systems which we were dependent on for all of our food and oxygen. Chris Bright said the world population would double to 8 billion sometime between 2010 and 2020. That means at the same time that the population is growing, people are striving to get richer, which in turn means that they would consume more, pollute more and use up all of our resources. He also thought that humans would disturb the ecological system. One example he used was what happened to Honduras in the...

5 Assorted Usage Errors

5 Assorted Usage Errors 5 Assorted Usage Errors 5 Assorted Usage Errors By Mark Nichol Using the right word for the job, or considering whether a word is needed at all, distinguishes careful writing from careless writing. Discussion and revision of the following sentences illustrate various ways in which writing can be improved by word-by-word attention to detail. 1. Here’s a list of several webinars that we have hosted that we think you may be interested in. The conjunction that is often optional in a sentence, but when it appears twice in a sentence, omit at least one expendable instance: â€Å"Here’s a list of several webinars we have hosted that we think you may be interested in† (or â€Å"Here’s a list of several webinars we have hosted we think you may be interested in†). 2. Smith snapped back in a rare display of emotion during an otherwise unflappable matter-a-fact testimony. Venerable idiomatic phrases a writer may have heard spoken but not seen written out may be misheard or misremembered and subsequently erroneously recorded, so always double-check the exact wording of such phrases: â€Å"Smith snapped back in a rare display of emotion during an otherwise unflappable matter-of-fact testimony.† 3. Jones’s teammates stressed how little he stresses in the postseason. Stress is often used as a synonym for emphasize, but it is better to employ it only to refer to physical or mental pressure, and emphasize is especially preferable if, distractingly, both senses of stress are used in the same sentence: â€Å"Jones’s teammates emphasized how little he stresses in the postseason.† 4. He’ll make his first scheduled public remarks at the state convention, where he is expected to address his future plans. Plans are, at least in the context of this sentence, something pertaining to the future, so future is redundant here: â€Å"He’ll make his first scheduled public remarks at the state convention, where he is expected to address his plans.† Always scan your writing to delete such extraneous wording. (See this DailyWritingTips.com post and this one for more examples.) 5. Depressed labor markets incent people to monetize their possessions, time, and talents in whatever ways they can. This sentence is a matter of aesthetic consideration rather than error, but avoid using neologisms when perfectly adequate (and often superior) antecedents exist: â€Å"Depressed labor markets incentivize [or â€Å"motivate†] people to monetize their possessions, time, and talents in whatever ways they can.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Usage Review category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Precedent vs. PrecedenceParticular vs. Specific

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the Essay

Social networks and the internet shrink our understanding of the world. Argue your position on this statement - Essay Example One of the first people who recognized the value of the global connection was Marshall McLuhan, however, he is considered to be the successor of Nicolas Tesla. The last described the world in which we live today precisely- our devices that are portable and with the help of which we not only hear people but can see them any time on any distance (McLuhan 2011).McLuhan predicted that the world will transform into a Global Village in the beginning of the 20th century. The author was speaking about radio but now the term is logically applicable to World Wide Web as it helped to forget about physical distance, time obstacles, and social prejudices. Media has become a nervous system of the planet which has integrated the world really fast. With a click of a mouse a person can find a community of people with similar interests and tastes and join it. Moreover, any event can be broadcast online to the real public. That is why it is possible to talk about world community that reminds Global Vil lage where everyone knows each other. Eventually, such changes can lead to creation of new phenomenon in sociology and culture as the density of the contacts also increases (McLuhan, 1987). World Wide Web has substantially increased the speed of news spread globally: any event in one part of the world becomes known to the Internet users in a second. However, this global involvement into world problems has also increased the responsibility. According to McLuhan, the enhanced "electric speed in bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree"Â  (McLuhan, 1964). Another discovery of McLuhan was the fact the type of media influences the information and becomes a message itself. So Internet can be regarded as a message as it changes completely the way people understand and perceive things, and the main issue of this message is its speed (McLuhan, 1962). So

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) Essay

Project Management - Organization and Communication (U5DB) - Essay Example The fifth tip is to practice the art of paraphrasing. The sixth tip is to carefully watch for and observe the demonstration of feelings from the other party. Finally, do not be afraid to ask questions for clarification (Lewis and Graham, 2003). In order to conduct a more productive and effective meeting, those in charge absolutely must stay focused on the subject at hand. EffectiveMeetings.com offers six objective tips for conducting more effective meetings. They include not meeting if the information can be exchanged through a memo or similar method, having a predetermined list of objectives for each meeting, having a predetermined agenda for each meeting, having action plans for items discussed in the meeting, and reviewing the process of each meeting at the end in order to determine how effective it was (EffectiveMeetings.com, 2008). Project reports are a useful tool that can be used for various different reasons. There are many different sets of guidelines that are available for one to follow when writing a report for any type of project, but most of them carry the same basic advice. First of all, data should be processed and placed directly into the report. Second, the audience should be determined and the report should be worded in such a manner that it addresses that audience. Third, examples and templates can be extremely helpful in deciding upon report formatting. Fourth, reports should follow a detailed layout plan. Fifth, explanations should be clear and logical. Sixth, points should be easy to understand and well-supported. Seventh, the readers’ attention should be kept throughout. It is also important that back-up reports be kept in a safe place and that a draft is provided to the project supervisor for review (University College London, 2008). Lewis, T.D. and G. Graham. (2003). 7 tips for effective listening: Productive listening does not occur naturally. It requires hard work and practice. Internal Auditor. Retrieved April 24,

The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution Essay

The Effects of the Rise of Regional Languages and Solution - Essay Example For instance, the worldwide use of English in business, political and diplomatic transactions has seen its gradual rise to an international status and thereby guaranteed its existence and survival in the coming years; it is projected that by the year 2050, over a half of the world’s population will be adept in it. Unlike the English language and other regional languages, native languages are limited to and within particular societies, with limited usage among small groups of people in those societies. The imminent threat of extinction of native languages has caused many adverse effects to societies and the speakers of these languages all over the world. As the basis of civilization, native languages are the cornerstones of cultures; they have a massive impact on civilization in societies. For example, ancient Muslim scholars developed some of the ancient Greek science after translating the knowledge written in Greek into the Arabica. As a result, the translated knowledge helped other civilizations to develop and spread the knowledge; therefore, language provides the road map for cultures, tracing the origins of people and guiding them into the future. However, some languages have died; some are about to die, or will die due to social, economic, political and technological reasons. Inferences can thus be drawn that, the death of a language  equals to  the death of civilization because language is the first stage of civilization (Grimes, 2002). It is undeniably true that not a single language in the world is autonomously sufficient in itself to capture and adequately express all ideas and information effectively and efficiently; this brings us to the importance of having many languages  in the world (Ostler, 2000), which is because of the existence of native languages. These native languages have amassed volumes of information and knowledge about all the subjects in the world; for instance, every native language has developed its

Factors affecting employee commitment

Factors affecting employee commitment Over the last ten years, the study of commitment has advanced in many different directions. A variety of disciplines have adopted the topic as a theme in their research and these have offered fresh and significant insights. These recent advances include new approaches to both the conceptualization of employee commitment and the particular human resource practices intended to increase it. Current research concerning employee commitment highlights the pitfalls of viewing commitment as a one-dimensional construct that can be enhanced by a particular human resource policy. This assumes that a particular practice, for example offering flexible working arrangements or more training, will have a significant and beneficial effect on employee commitment. Unfortunately, in practice it is not that simple because there is no single solution. All employees wants and needs cannot be addressed by a single policy. The effective functioning of an organization highly depends on the commitment of its employees. In fact, the commitment of employees may be a key factor that determines the success of a company in the modern world since, in the situation of the growing competition and the constant implementation of new technologies a company needs to have well-qualified and reliable personnel to maintain its position in the market. At the same time, the effectiveness and productivity of work of employees still remain the major factors that can contribute to the progress of the company. On the other hand, nowadays it is obvious that financial stimuli solely can hardly motivate employees to work more effectively and productively. In such a situation, employees commitment turns to be of a paramount importance since it is due to the high commitment of employees they can perform positive results of their work, increase its effectiveness and productivity, while low commitment leads, as a rule, to poor results of the functioning of the entire organization. DEFINATION OF TERMS. COMMITMENT Meyer Allen 2001 define commitment as is a stabilizing force that acts to maintain behavioural direction when expectancy/equity conditions are not met and do not function. An obliging force which requires that the person honor the commitment even in the face of fluctuating attitudes and whims. (Brown 1996) The relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al 1979) According to Salancik (1977) commitment is a state of being in which an individual becomes bound by his action to beliefs that sustain his activities and his own involvement Allen meyer,1990, commitment is a psychological state that binds the individual to the organization. EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT It is the psychological bond of an employee to an organization, the strength of which depends on the degree of employee involvement, employee loyalty and belief in the values of the organization. As defined by Poter (1974) Employee commitment is the relative strength of the individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization. It consists of three factors:A strong desire to remain a member of the organization; A strong belief in, and acceptance of, the values and goals of the organization A readiness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization MODELS OF COMMITMENT A THREE MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ORGANIZATION COMMITMENT. This model of organizational commitment model was developed by Meyer and Allen. According to the model, organizational commitment reflects at least three general themes. 1.Affective commitment to the organization 2.Continuance Commitment The perceived cost associated with leaving it 3.Normative Commitment- The obligation to remain with it. Affective Commitment Its the employees emotional attachment to, identification with and involvement in the organization. Employees with a strong affective commitment continue employment with the organization because they want to. Continuance Commitment The individual commits to the organization because he/she perceives high costs of losing organizational membership including economic costs (such as pension accruals) and social costs (friendship ties with co-workers) that could be incurred. The employee remains with the organization because he/she has to. I t refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. The potential cost of leaving an organization include the threat of wasting the time and effort spent acquiring non transferable skills, losing attractive benefits, giving up seniority based privileges or having to uproot family and disrupt personal relationships. It also develops as a result of lack of alternative employment opportunities. Employees in this category remain because they need to. NORTMATIVE COMMITMENTS Refers to a feeling of obligation to continue employment . Employees in this category remain in the organization because they feel they ought to. Organization can develop normative commitment by providing reward in advance e.g. paying college tuition. Normative pressures may also make an individual feel that they ought to remain within the organization. Acknowledging these investments makes employees feel a sense of obligation to reciprocate by committing themselves to the organization until the debt has been paid . One important point is that not all forms of employee commitment are positively associated with superior performance (Meyer Allen, 1997). For example, an employee who has low affective and normative commitment, but who has high continuance commitment is unlikely to yield performance benefits. The main reason such an employee remains with an organisation is for the negative reason that the costs associated with leaving are too great. THE HIGH COMMITMENT MODEL. ( IN STRATEGIC HRM.) This model embraces workforce commitment and identification with the organizations values and goals. The main features of high commitment model are 1. Development of career ladders and emphasis on trainability and commitment as highly characteristic of employees at all levels in the organization. 2. A high level of functional flexibility with the abandonment of potentially rigid job descriptions. 3. The reduction of hierarchies and the ending of status differentials. 4. Heavy reliance on the team structure for dissemination of information (team building) structure work and problem solving. 5. Job design as something management consciously does in order to provide jobs which have a considerable level of intrinsic motivation. 6. A policy of no compulsory layoff or redundancies and use of permanent employee with possible use of temporary workers to cushion fluctuation in the demand for labour. 7. New forms of assessment and pay system and more specifically merit pay profit sharing 8. A high involvement of employees in the management of quality. CONCEPTUALISATION OF COMMITMENT: MODEL DEVELOPED BY OREILLY AND CHATMAN. (1986) OReilly and Chatman(1986) developed their multidimensional framework on the basis of the assumption that commitment represents an attitude towards the organization. For them, commitment takes on three distinct forms, which they labeled 1. Compliance 2. Identification 3. Internalization Compliance occurs when attitudes and corresponding behaviors are adopted in order to gain specific rewards. E.g being very considerate towards people so that you get that promotion Identification occurs when an individual accepts influence to establish or maintain a satisfying relationship Relationship / Internalization occurs when influence is accepted because the attitudes and behaviors one is being encouraged to adopt are congruent with existing values. Employees thus become committed to organizations which they share value e.g. an organization that encourages integrity is likely to win the commitment of an individual who believes in integrity. TYPES OF COMMITMENT . OMalley (2000) contends that a review of the commitment literature produces five general factors which relate to the development of employee commitment: Affiliative Commitment: An organizations interests and values are compatible with those of the employee, and the employee feels accepted by the social environment of the organization. Associative Commitment: Organizational membership increases employees self-esteem and status. The employee feels privileged to be associated with the organisation. Moral Commitment: Employees perceive the organization to be on their side and the organization evokes a sense of mutual obligation in which both the organization and the employee feel a sense of responsibility to each other. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Normative Commitment. Affective commitment: Employees derive satisfaction from their work and their colleagues, and their work environment is supportive of that satisfaction. Some researchers (eg Allen Meyer, 1991) suggest that this is the most important form of commitment as it has the most potential benefits for organizations. Employees who have high affective commitment are those who will go beyond the call of duty for the good of the organization. In recent literature this form of commitment has also been referred to as engagement and is the form of commitment that is most usually measured by organizations. Structural commitment: Employees believe they are involved in a fair economic exchange in which they benefit from the relationship in material ways. There are enticements to enter and remain in the organization and there are barriers to leaving. This type of commitment is also frequently referred to in the literature as Continuance Commitment. FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. The workplace is a dynamic field and to remain competitive, employee commitment is important..The following factors affect employee comittemnt: Workplace values. If employees believe that their organization values quality products they will engage in behaviors that will contribute to high quality. If employees are convinced that their organization values participation they will be more likely to feel as though their participation will make a difference. They will thus be motivated and be more willing to seek solutions and make suggestions to contribute to the organization success. Subordinate supervisor interpersonal relationship. Supervisors behavior include sharing appropriate information, allowing mutuality of influence, recognizing and rewarding good performance and not abusing the vulnerability of others . The extent to which the supervisor displays these behaviors will thus largely determine subordinate commitment level Job characteristics. The extent that a job is structured to provide regular feedback and autonomy as well as a sense of task completion An increase in perceived control strengthens emotional bonds with an organization. A heightened sense of personal control has a positive consequence for employees attitudes and behaviors at work. When tasks are Intrinsically satisfying, employees tend to be more committed. Commitment is low when employees are given repetitive routine tasks to complete. A job that allows a high degree of autonomy and the absence of close supervision increases commitment. Demographics AGE. A range of demographic variables have been found to be related to employee commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). For a variety of reasons, age has been found to be a positive predictor of employee commitment. As Mathieu Zajac (1990) suggest, the older employees become, the less alternative employment options are available. As a result, older employees may view their current employment more favourably. Dunham et al. (1994) suggest older employees may be more committed because they have a stronger investment and greater history with their organization. GENDER: With regard to gender, a number of studies (eg Mathieu Zajac, 1990) have reported women as being more committed than men. This is typically explained by women having to overcome more barriers than men to get to their position in the organization. MARITAL STATUS Marital status has also been shown to relate to commitment, with married employees usually showing more commitment (Mathieu Zajac, 1990). However, it is suggested that the reason for this is because married employees will typically have greater financial and family responsibilities, which increases their need to remain with the organization. Note, however, that this refers to structural commitment (or continuance commitment) in that the cost associated with leaving the organization increases commitment to the organization. As mentioned previously, structural commitment does not necessarily relate to increased performance. Recruitment Procedures OMalley (2000) suggests that organizations need to pay more attention to addressing employees social need to affiliate and belong, in order to create commitment, the organization must have the right sort of employees in the first instance. Employees feelings of belonging start to develop long before employees join the organization. The following information should be shared with employee to enhance commitment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ share details about the organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ provide employees with help and support throughout the recruitment and selection process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ convey the interests and values that the organization shares with employees. Organizations need to be attractive to the right sort of people; thus the initial contact between the organization and the prospective candidate is very important. DEVELOPING AN EMPLOYER BRAND. As Troy (1998) points out, increasingly organizations are attempting to communicate with prospective employees in a coherent manner by developing an employer brand The brand should condense the basic nature of the organization, what its values are and what it would be like to work there. The principal purpose of the brand is to efficiently bring employers and employees together in order to establish a relationship. Thus, a good brand should convey both the unique benefits of the organizational environment and the type of person who is likely to do well in that setting. The organization must then ensure that it delivers these promises to its employees, or its efforts will have been wasted. Employers should, therefore, devote a portion of the selection process to assessing cultural fit. Met Expectations Employees will be more committed if there is a good match between what the person is looking for in a job, and what the job provides . Commitment will be greater when employees experiences on the job match their expectations. Unmet expectations are a source of low morale and dissatisfaction. Such expectations usually relate to the type of work employees are given to do and the opportunities they receive for training and development. Factors affecting commitment. By Kochan and dyan as cited by Armstrong 2005. 1. Strategic level -supportive business strategies -Top management value of commitment -Effective voice of HR in strategy making Supportive business strategies may include activities that increase employee involvement thus reinforcing commitment. When top management is commited to its employees the employees too become commited. Fair human resource policies e.g a policy of promotion based on merit will also increase commitment 2. Hr policy level -staffing based on employment stabilization investing on training and development -continent compensation that reinforces cooperation Training increases employees efficiency making them more commited because they enjoy what they do.(Affective commitment) 3. Workplace level Selection based on high standards -Job design and team work -employee involvement in problem solving -climate of cooperation and trust. Selecting people with the right skills for a job will ensure that the employee remains commited as they will be efficient in their duties. Efficiency increases commitment. Designinh jobs e.g allowing flexi time,job enlargement,job enrichment and job rotation ensures that monotony is kept at bay and commitment is enhanced Other factors that affect employee commitment by Purcell et al (2003 in Armstrong ,2005) include i. Received training last year ii. Are satisfied with career opportunities iii. Are satisfied with performance appraisal system Think managers are good in people management (Leadership) v. Find work challenging vi. Think their form helps them achieve a work-life balance vii. Are satisfied with communication or company performance Benefits of employee commitment High level of employee commitments means that employees are really enthusiastic about their job and, their performance will be better as well as the effectiveness and productivity of their work higher. Employee commitment also evokes a profound interest of an employee to his/her work. This means that he/she enjoys the job he/she does. Consequently, the level of employees satisfaction will be high if they are really committed to their work. Employee commitment may be also cost saving since committed employees are highly motivated that means that they do not need increasing financial rewards for their work, though it does not necessarily mean that employees should not receive financial rewards at all, but the expenses of the organization at this point may decrease. The performance benefits accrued from increased employee commitment have been widely demonstrated in the literature. To list but a few, these include: i. increased job satisfaction (Armstrong 2005) ii. increased job performance (Mathieu Zajac, 1990) iii. increased total return to shareholders . iv. increased sales (Barber et al., 1999) v. decreased employee turnover (Cohen, 1991) decreased intention to leave decreased intention to search for alternative employers (Cohen, 1993) vii. decreased absenteeism (Cohen, 1993, Barber et al. 1999) Employee commitment should be viewed as a business necessity. Organizations who have difficulty in retaining and replacing competent employees will find it hard to optimize performance. There are not only the immediate expenses of the recruitment process, but other hidden costs such as management time and lost productivity as new employees take time to become effective in their roles. Commitment also has the following effects: 1. I t results in self directed( self initiave) application to do the job 2. regular attendance, 3. nominal supervision 4. a high level of effort 5. it increases the intention to stay- loyalty NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF LOW EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT. Low commitment of employees may lead to negative results and undermine the normal functioning of an organization or, at any rate, decrease the effectiveness of work of employees considerably. The low employee commitment has a number of disadvantages which deteriorate the work of each employee and the entire organization (OMalley 2000). Low commitment leads to the low level of interest of employees in their work. Consequently, if employees are not sufficiently interested in their work they will naturally work worse than they can. In other words, the low commitment decreases the effectiveness and productivity of work for employees are not really interested in their work and its outcomes. Naturally, in such a situation, they can hardly be interested in a positive performance of the organization they work for. MEASURING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT . This can be done through an attitude survey, employee satisfaction survey, employee commitment survey and performance appraisals. Questioners are usually administered to collect relevant data that management later uses when deciding ways of increasing employee commitment. Sample of a questioner attached(Annex 1) WAYS OF ENHANCING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT Organizations can use various strategies to increase employee commitment. This strategies include: Induction and Training The induction programme should be the final step of the recruitment and selection process. A good induction programme will make new employees more familiar with and more at ease within the organization. Employees enter the organization with an assumption of compatibility and should be welcomed. Relationships with Managers This refers to how the quality of the relationship between managers and their employees relates to the development of commitment. Employees commitment reflects their day to day contacts with their line managers about their job, and the way in which objective targets are set. Effective communication on job-related issues is a key ingredient in securing individual performance. To a great extent, individual line managers are responsible for ensuring that these maintenance behaviours occur. With poor management, the most well developed organizational programme can break down at the point of transmission. Relationships with Colleagues Emotional attachment to colleagues in the workplace is an important element of commitment, though It is not enough on its own. Unless there is occasion for frequent and rewarding interaction, stronger feelings of belonging that can bind employees to the organization are unlikely to emerge. Organizations that want to build high levels of commitment should look for ways to build this through group activities both in and out of work Group Membership To build commitment, being a member of a particular organization must not only satisfy employees social need to affiliate and belong, but must also create a sense of collective identity that differentiates the group from other organizations. There are many situational features that contribute to a sense of group membership. The more exposure that employees have to these features, the more likely they will be to feel like a part of the group and to incorporate that membership into their concept of who they are. Organizational Justice and Trust It is also argued that employees evaluate their experiences at work in terms of whether they are fair and reflect a concern on the part of the organization for the well- being of the employees (Meyer, 1997). Treating employees fairly, communicates the message that management is commitment to the employees. This suggests that organizations wanting to foster greater commitment from their employees must first provide evidence of their commitment to their employees. When there is trust, employees are willing to suspend judgement and defer to the authority of others. In addition, trust permits organizational flexibility because a payback need be neither immediate nor of equivalent value. OMalley (2000) identifies four areas in which employees sense of trust in the employer can be increased: i. Growth: As most employees want to be more proficient in their job, a good way to instil trust is to attend to employees development needs. ii. Work-Life balance: Most employees would like organizations to allow greater personal time when needed. iii. Individual accommodation: Acts of organizational flexibility or benevolence toward employees. iv. Health and Safety: Organizations that are committed to protecting employees health and safety are more likely to be trusted Promotion Policies and practices concerning promotion can also affect commitment. . Among those who are considered for promotion, the outcome of the decision is likely to have an effect on commitment. But, for some, the perception of fairness in the decision-making process might be even more important. This suggests that organizations should communicate clearly how their decisions were made and why those who did not succeed were not suitable. Work-Life Balance A key issue emphasized by research, especially in recent years, is the extent to which employees perceive they are able to achieve the right balance between home and work. Organizations are beginning to recognize this, and are making more concerted efforts to introduce a host of programmes intended to ease employees burdens. These include initiative such as: flexible work arrangements; child care; time off policies; elderly care; healthcare; information and counseling; and convenience services to name but a few. Job Satisfaction How happy an employee is in a job has profound effects on behaviour and commitment. In relation to commitment, job satisfaction and work-life satisfaction are very important. Job satisfaction is an enormous area; however, to be concise a satisfying job typically has three properties: i. It has intrinsically enjoyable features: Mathieu Zajac (1990) found that the strongest correlation with commitment were obtained for job characteristics, particularly job scope (enrichment). ii. It provides an opportunity for growth and development. iii. It makes employees feel effective in their roles (that they can positively influence organizational outcomes). Pay and Reward As mentioned previously, employees may remain with an organization because there are constraints against leaving and incentives for staying. It is important for organizations to structure the economics of the relationship in a way that will not obstruct commitment. One of the reasons to stay in a relationship is because it makes sense economically. Pay makes continuation of the employment relationship worthwhile because there is mutual dependence. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Schein cited by (Armstrong 2005) defines commitment as attachment and loyalty Psychological contract is the degree people are committed to the organization (Schein 1965). It depends on 1. The degree to which their own expectations of what the organization will provide to them and what they owe the organization in return matches what the organization expectations are of what it will give and get in return The nature of what is actually to be exchanged e.g. money in exchange for time at work , social need satisfaction and security in exchange for hard work and loyalty Armstrong (2004) defines psychological contract as a system of beliefs which encompasses on one hand the actions employees belief are expected of them and what response they expect in return from their employer and on the other hand the behavior employers expect from their employees. It is implicit and dynamic ROLE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT IN DEVELOPING EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT, (ARMSTRONG) 2005 1. During recruitment interviews present the unfavorable as well as the favorable aspects of a job in a realistic job preview.- This will enable the candidate have a clear and achievable expectation of the organization and thus avoid setting very high expectations that the organization is unable to meet,leading to low / decreased commitment 2. In induction programmes communicate to new starters the organizations personnel policies and procedures and its core values indicating to them the standards of performance expected this enables them to remain committed in achieving the expected performance 3. Issue and update employee hand books and intranet entries which reinforce the message delivered in induction programmes. 4. Develop performance management process plans which spell out how continued improvement of performance can be achieved mainly by self managed learning 5. Use training and management development programmes to underpin values that define performance expectations. 6. Ensure thorough manager and team leader training that managers and team leaders understand their role in managing the employment relationship through such processes as performance management and team leadership managers should be very committed so as to pass the same message of commitment to employees. 7. Encourage a maximum amount of contact between managers and team leaders and their team members to achieve mutual understanding. 8. Adopt a general policy of transparency ensuring that on all matters which affect them employees know what is happening and the impact it will make on their employment 9. Develop personal procedures covering grievance handling, discipline , promotion and redundancy. Ensure they are implemented fairly and consistently. 10. Develop and communicate personnel policies covering the major areas of employment, development, reward and employee relations DEVELOPING HR PRACTICES THAT ENHANCE COMMITMENT. According to Armstrong 2005 the following ten (10) practice contribute to increase of employee commitment. 1.Advise in methods of communicating the values and aims of management and achievements of the organization, so that employees are more likely to identify with it as one they are proud to work for. 2.Emphasize to management that commitment is a two way process employees cannot be expected to be committed to the organization unless management demonstrates that it is committed to them. 3.Impress on the management the need to develop a climate of trust by being honest with people, treating them fairly justly and consistently, keeping its word and showing willingness to listen to the comments and suggestions made by employees 4.Develop a positive psychological contract by treating people as stakeholders rely on consensus and cooperation rather than control and coercion and provision of opportunities for learning and career progression. 5.Advise on and assist in the establishment of partnership agreements with trade unions which emphasiz

The Truth About The Big Two He Essay -- essays research papers

While reading Ernest Hemingway's short story 'Big Two Hearted River,'; one might think that it is just about a man named Nick Adams returning to Seney, to go camping and fishing. It may not be clear to some readers why the town of Seney is burned down or why Hemingway talks about each of Nick's action in great amount of detail. While first reading the story one might not notice that Hemingway has many symbolic parts, so that he can get the true meaning of the story across to the reader. The story is truly about Nick Adams wanting to get on with his life enjoying to its fullest and putting all of the awful events that have happened to him in the past. When Nick arrives at the town of Seney, he sees that the town is completely burned to the ground. When Nick was on the bridge he looked down at the water and saw trout in the water going against the current. Nick realized that the trout were changing their positions only to steady themselves once again: Nick looked down into the clear, brown water, colored from the pebbly bottom, and watched the trout keeping themselves steady in the current with wavering fins. As he watched them they changed their positions by quick angles, only to hold steady in the fast water again (472). Hemingway is trying to show that the trout are better then Nick, since they are not bothered by emotions or their surroundings. Nick is, he is bothered by the war, which created internal emotions that he is trying to resolve. Hemingway used the trout in t...

Reflective Statement

Introduction This project involved creating a strategic report covering all aspects of the operation of the Walt Disney Group. The report entailed drawing on a relatively broad analysis of the workings of the Walt Disney Group, with each member of the team contributing certain parts of the report, before then coming together to undertake an overall analysis. This reflective statement looks at how I personally worked within the team and any areas that I feel I could improve upon, in the future. The reflective statement will also describe the way in which I worked within the team to assist others and how we dealt with any conflicts which occurred, during the length of the project. Individual Contribution I was personally responsible for specific aspects of the actual research and for writing up the project. At the outset, we sat down with the team to allocate certain areas of work, with a view to meeting regularly to combine our findings and to ensure that the report, as a whole, read as if it were one voice. As the project involved some form of strategic analysis, I was particularly concerned that if each individual simply worked on their own section, it would not come together as a sensible whole (Forsyth, 2009). I personally felt that I took the lead, when it came to communicating amongst the team and also when ensuring that we met up regularly to discuss progress. I myself as one of the other team members took the lead in arranging these meetings. Whilst this was successful, initially, we soon found that other members of the team were not responding to the suggestion of meetings and were not sending their own work in good time, thus creating difficulties amongst the team and also making it harder for me as an individual to complete my element of the project (Boud & Walker 1993) If I were to undertake the project again, I would ensure that, from the outset, much greater emphasis was placed on setting out the full scope of each individual’s work assignment, as it quickly became apparent that each individual within the team was relying on others to undertake their part of the report. Therefore, when one individual was failing to keep pace with the rest of the team, this created a much greater problem than simply one person not â€Å"pulling their weight†. As a relatively strong individual, I would personally put myself forward as more of a co-ordinator, at the outset, to ensure that this lack of cohesion did not happen in future (Jarboe & Witteman, 1996). When we encountered difficulties at the end of the project, with one individual not being available in the few days prior to the deadline, I took on another section of the writing in order to ensure that we were then able to meet the deadline, something which put me under increased personal pressure. Based on the problems that we were having, at that point in time, it was the only reasonable solution available; however, better team management, at an earlier stage when it became apparent that some individuals were not going to make the deadline would have prevented such a high level of personal pressure and this additional workload could then have been spread more evenly. Working with Others and Resolving Conflicts As noted above, it became apparent, as the project progressed, that there were certain key individuals within the team who were becoming increasingly unresponsive to setting up meeting times and were not presenting their work when requested. This could have put the entire project in jeopardy and was exacerbated when one individual was not available at all, in the few days prior to the deadline. The fact that some of the key individuals were not responding to requests for meetings or submitting their work on-time became apparent midway through the project. Yet, action was not positively taken by myself and the other organising team members who were still responding until just a few days before the deadline (Coleman, 2011). Effectively, our approach to dealing with this matter was to ignore it and simply continue with our own activities, something which potentially jeopardised the project in its entirety. With a project of this nature, merely ignoring conflict was not an option. Furthermore, although regular negotiations were attempted by suggesting meeting times, communication between team members had already broken down. In reality, this conflict could have been resolved, at the outset, before any difficulties emerged, by setting out a team leader who was going to be responsible for keeping everybody on track and ensuring that the meetings took place as arranged. As soon as it became apparent that the timeframe for the project was not being kept, the appointed team leader could then have taken a more aggressive stance to ensure that such failings did not jeopardise the overall project. It was arguably this failure that was instrumental in creating a last-minute panic and rush. Individual Improvement for the Future Bearing all of this in mind, I feel that my own areas for improvement, in the future would be to take a much more active stance, in terms of project management, from the outset (Schon 1996). I would also ensure that all team members complied with the timeframes set out. I became personally aware that there were difficulties with communication and timeframe, at a relatively early stage, yet I largely chose to ignore this in the hope that matters would improve of their own accord. This approach led to me personally being put under considerable pressure, towards the end of the project and, as such, my own individual performance was not as good as it could have been, particularly with the last section of the project being rushed, over a period of 2 to 3 days. I therefore feel that I could have improved my own personal performance by taking a much more active role in project management. This would enable me to ensure that each individual was working within the timeframe and I was not requ ired to rush during the last few days of the project, potentially sacrificing the quality of the work. References Boud D & Walker D (1993) Barriers to Reflection on Experience. In Boud D,. Cohen R & Walker D. Using Experience for Learning. Buckingham: Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press. Coleman, P (2011). The Five Percent: Finding Solutions to Seemingly Impossible Conflicts. Public Affairs. New York, p.26 Forsyth, D. R. (2009). Group dynamics (5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Jarboe, S. C., & Witteman, H. R. (1996). Intragroup conflict management in task-oriented groups: The influence of problem sources and problem analysis. Small Group Research, 27, 316–338. Schon D. (1996). From Technical Rationality to Reflection in Action, In: Edwards, R., Hanson, A., and P Raggatt (eds) Boundaries of Adult Learning, London, Routledge.

Cause and Effect About Students Attendance

There are many types of students in terms of attendance, reactivity with class activity and submitting assignment. In this topic we are only interested in students who usually attend and they are divided into three groups, the first is students who arrive before the lecture begins, the second, which I think is the best, are students who arrive on the time of starting the lecture, the third are puncture students who arrive after the beginning of the class disturbing students and lecturer. In this essay we are going to look at each group's positive and negative sides and what advantages they have. First type of students is the type who wants to get early to classes. This type of students will have to break their sleep and what may be a nice dream just to be there a few minutes earlier. However he will have good advantages, the first is that they can relax on their breakfast with a cup of tea or coffee. The second is they will not have to rush on their way to the university and will not face a lot of crowd if the lecture is during early morning. Finally, students who get early to classes will have enough time to review the previous lecture which may result in better understanding for the next one. The second type of students is students who get to classes on time. They and students who get early will be able to freely choose their seats. They also will be able to catch almost all information their instructor says. However they will not be as relaxed as students who come early. The last type is students who come late to classes. The only positive side for them is they can stay late at night because they have decided on coming late which means they do not have to wake up early, nevertheless, they themselves know that what they are doing is wrong but they are just ignoring it. We all know that students who arrive late to classes are over speeding because the moment they realize their state they stop thinking the right way and just focus on getting there with new highest record to avoid any reproach from the instructor and forgetting about the high probability of getting into argument with a cop because of any traffic contravention they did or involving in accident which will keep them even more delayed. When they arrive, they firstly will disturb the other students' attention then, they notice that they have missed a lot of information which may be very important so they will ask students around them and eventually disturbing and cause noise in the class affecting the other students. In my opinion, students who usually arrive to classes on time are the best, because they get many positive points by being in the middle of both sides.

History of the Mole essays

History of the Mole essays The moles beginning is traced back to the most basic units of matter, atoms. Since atoms are extremely small, scientists have perplexed a great deal over finding a way to measure atomic mass. They struggled to find a universal container that had the capability to mass atoms. Measuring the mass of one atom on a balance in grams is not practical, because the result in grams is an amount too small to be of any use in the laboratory. Fortunately, a new idea came about. If two or more same amounts of different substances are compared, the resulting ratios can be used to deduce atomic mass. These atomic mass ratios always remain the same. For example, one atom of Helium has 1/12 the mass of one atom of Carbon-12. In this way, Helium has an atomic mass of one unit, whereas the isotope Carbon-12 has an atomic mass of 12 units. Carbon-12 is the standard for atomic mass. Eventually, a mass spectrometer was invented to determine a single atoms mass even more accurately. It measured a tomic mass by comparing the time and distance an atom traveled when knocked off its course. The invention of the mass spectrometer led to extremely accurate values for single atomic mass. Now that the mass of a single atom could be figured, the quest for a universal container continued. Knowing how much one atom weighs but not how many atoms exist is not very helpful to the chemist. A universal container must have the capacity to contain the same number of molecules under the same conditions of pressure, temperature and volume. Such conditions made the search for a universal container very difficult. However, an Italian scientist by the name of Avogrado finally solved the dilemma of a container. The answer to this scientific puzzle was in the form of a number, Avogrados number. Avogrados number, 6.02 x 10 ²Ã‚ ³, is known as the mole and an accepted SI standard for finding atomic mass. In a mole, t ...