Freud Dreamwork Essays - Freudian Psychology, Psychotherapy, Dream

Freud Dreamwork 1 INTRODUCTION Although Jung was a pupil of Freud, and one would think they shared the same idea about the interpretation of dreams, that is not exactly true. Freud proposed the notorious idea that dreams are a reflextion of subconsciousness, but Jung expanded on Freud and added another dimension to this relation. In Jung's view, dreams not only lead to personal subconsciousness, but also to collective unconsciousness. This paper attempts to present the two theories of dreams and stress the unique qualities in each of them. I believe the reader will excuse a 'clinical' tone of paper, knowing that originally this text was written as school assignment. In 1995, I wrote this paper under the guidance of Branka Bajgoric, who was my psychology teacher in the high school I attended. I omitted the technical part of the paper: identifying problem and developing the thesis. I also did not include a part in which I discussed the implications of becoming lucid in dream on the interpretation. Not that it would be inappropriate, but I think that subject is so broad that it demands a separate paper in order to sufficiently cover it. I think that nowadays, where there are so much alternative (occult) explanations of dreams available, we often forget about the old thinkers. What is even worse, we tend to think they are out of date or irrelevant in this rush of global spiritual evolution. However, I find the following two scientists, and Jung particularly, extremely contemporary. I hope the following paper will attract some of reader's interest to further study the rich work of both, should I say big men? Ljubljana, July 1998 2 THEORETICAL INTRODUCTION 2.1 FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS With his psycho-analysis, Sigmund Freud opened the door for dreams to become a subject of scientifical research. He became interested in dreams when dealing with his patients because they were telling dreams spontaneously. He soon systematically included interpretation of dreams in psycho-analysis right beside hypnosis and free association. In the end of 19th century he eventually researched the mechanism of dreaming. The analysis of dreams is indispensable tool in therapy for each psychoanalyst since then, and for Freud, dreams are even the key to theoretical understanding of subconscious. He explained also dreams of people, who did not suffer from mental illness, in psychoanalitic way and so he was changing his psychotherapy in theory in the very beginning. 2.1.1 A desire to sleep When we become tired of receiving of and responding to stimuli from environment we try to fall asleep. The main characteristic of psychical state of a sleeper is therefore a withdrawal from reality and cessation of taking all interests in it. We try to fall asleep by disconnecting from all sources of external stimuli. We lay down in a silent, dark room and cover our body to keep it comfortably warm and so minimize input from environment. Of course, an absolute withdrawal in which we would stop to perceive environment is not possible. In other words, the sleeper does not have a 'switch' to switch off at the time of sleeping and switch on back, when the time for awakening comes. After all, if such absolute withdrawal was possible to achieve, the sleeper would risk not to wake up again, since more and more strong stimuli in the morning are exactly what wakes up the sleeper. These stimuli disturb us also during the sleep, and our mentality is forced to respond to them - with dreams. Disturbing stimuli can be either external or internal. External stimuli come from environment and from inside of our physical body. Their task is to warn of imbalance in the body (e.g. full bladder, thirst) or else they contain information about disturbances in environment (e.g. low room temperature, noise). There are lot of evidences how dreams maintain sleep in such cases. For Freud though, the external stimuli are important only to the extent that suggest analogous existance of more important, psychical pressure on sleeper: an internal stimulus. This internal stimulation emerges either because of the continuation of our diurnal mental activity or pressure of our unsatisfied instinctive aspirations. The latter are in psychotherapy very important, because they can express those conflicts,

The Role of Bushido in Modern Japan

The Role of Bushido in Modern Japan Bushido, or the way of the warrior, is commonly defined as the moral and behavioral code of the samurai. It is often considered a foundation stone of Japanese culture, both by Japanese people and by outside observers of the country. What are the components of bushido, when did they develop, and how are they applied in modern Japan? Controversial Origins of the Concept It is difficult to say exactly when bushido developed. Certainly, many of the basic ideas within bushido- loyalty to ones family and ones feudal lord (daimyo), personal honor, bravery and skill in battle, and courage in the face of death- have likely been important to samurai warriors for centuries. Amusingly, scholars of ancient and medieval Japan often dismiss bushido and call it a modern innovation from the Meiji and Showa eras. Meanwhile, scholars who study Meiji and Showa Japan direct readers to study ancient and medieval history to learn more about the origins of bushido. Both camps in this argument are right, in a way. The word bushido and others like it did not arise until after the Meiji Restoration- that ​is, after the samurai class was abolished. It is useless to look at ancient or medieval texts for any mention of bushido. On the other hand, as mentioned above, many of the concepts included in bushido were present in Tokugawa society. Basic values such as bravery and skill in battle are important to all warriors in all societies at all times, so presumably, even early samurai from the Kamakura period would have named those attributes as important. The Changing Modern Faces of Bushido In the lead-up to World War II, and throughout the war, the Japanese government pushed an ideology called imperial bushido on the citizens of Japan. It emphasized Japanese military spirit, honor, self-sacrifice, and unwavering, unquestioning loyalty to the nation and to the emperor.   When Japan suffered its crushing defeat in that war, and the people did not rise up as demanded by imperial bushido and fight to the last person in defense of their emperor, the concept of bushido seemed to be finished. In the post-war era, only a few die-hard nationalists used the term. Most Japanese were embarrassed by its connections with the cruelty, death, and excesses of World War II. It seemed like the way of the samurai had ended forever. However, beginning in the late 1970s, Japans economy began to boom. As the country grew into one of the major world economic powers in the 1980s, people within Japan and outside of it once again began to use the word bushido. At that time, it came to mean extreme hard work, loyalty to the company that one worked for, and devotion to quality and precision as a sign of personal honor. News organizations even reported on a sort of company-man seppuku, called karoshi, in which people literally worked themselves to death for their companies.   CEOs in the west and in other Asian countries started to urge their employees to read books touting corporate bushido, in an attempt to replicate Japans success. Samurai stories as applied to business, along with Sun Tzus  Art of War  from China, became best-sellers in the self-help category. When the Japanese economy slowed into stagflation in the 1990s, the meaning of bushido in the corporate world shifted once again. It began to signify the peoples brave and stoic response to the economic downturn. Outside of Japan, the corporate fascination with bushido quickly faded. Bushido in Sports Although corporate bushido is out of fashion, the term still crops up regularly in connection with sports in Japan.  Japanese baseball coaches refer to their players as samurai, and the international soccer (football) team is called Samurai Blue. In press conferences, the coaches and players regularly invoke bushido, which is now defined as hard work, fair play, and a fighting spirit. Perhaps nowhere is bushido more regularly mentioned than in the world of martial arts. Practitioners of judo, kendo, and other Japanese martial arts study what they consider to be the ancient principles of bushido as part of their practice (the antiquity of those ideals is debatable, of course, as mentioned above). Foreign martial artists who travel to Japan to study their sport usually are particularly devoted to an ahistorical, but very appealing, version of bushido as a traditional cultural value of Japan. Bushido and the Military The most controversial usage of the word bushido today is in realm of the Japanese military, and in political discussions around the military. Many Japanese citizens are pacifists, and deplore the use of rhetoric that once led their country into a catastrophic global war. However, as troops from Japans Self-Defense Forces increasingly deploy overseas, and conservative politicians call for increasing military power, the term bushido crops up more and more often. Given the history of the last century, military uses of this very militaristic terminology can only inflame relations with neighboring countries including South Korea, China, and the Philippines.   Sources Benesch, Oleg. Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushido in Modern Japan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Marro, Nicolas. The Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity: A Comparison of Bushido and The Book of Tea,  The Monitor: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 17, Issue1 (Winter 2011).The Modern Re-invention of Bushido, Columbia University website, accessed August 30, 2015.

Compare and Assess Rawls and Nozick's Theories of Justice Essay

Compare and Assess Rawls and Nozick's Theories of Justice - Essay Example By using social contract as a device he formulated his theory on ethical basis which has been quite opposing to the concepts of utilitarianism. He further provided justification about the concept of re-distribution of wealth based upon the individualist assumptions. This philosophical work of Rawls has been quite inspirational for both the social democratic and the liberals. He also presented his theory on â€Å"justice as fairness† that highlighted two core principles i.e. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others (this principle reflects a traditional liberal commitment to formal equality) Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged; and (B) attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity (this so-called 'difference principle) points towards a significant measure of social inequ ality According to the Rawls theory the material inequalities can only be justified when they are used to be of advantage to those who are least well-off. This theory of Rawls is well-matched to the concept of a market economy whereby the re-distribution of wealth is done in terms of tax and welfare systems that ultimately leads to disincentive to firms and ultimately turns out disadvantageous for the least well-off. The egalitarianism of Rawls is based on the social contract theory however there is also some contradiction as he starts with a very liberal assumption about humans and then gives very broad conclusion in terms of egalitarianism considering distribution of wealth as fair by the people(hawk n.d.). Robert NozicksTheory of Anarchy, State and Utopia The major philosophical work presented by Robert Nozick was in 1974 as â€Å"Anarchy, State and Utopia† in which he presented a libertarianism point of view. According to this theory he rejects the belief of those having welfare views in terms of modern liberalism however he endorsed the concept of minimal state. Nozick placed his view of justice and equality upon the idea of entitlements and rights. This ideology is somewhat reflective of the notion of distributive thought presented by Aristotle and Plato in which they suggested that the material benefits should correspond to the worth of an individual. According the views presented on rights it is believed that the inequality in material is justifiable in this way that the talent and willingness of a person to work are unequally distributed. The basis of Nozicks work is to distinguish between the historical principles of justice and the end-state principles. According to his view the needs of individuals and social equality are unjustifiable in relation to rewards. He gave the principles through which it can be found whether the distribution of wealth is just, these principles are as: 1. Wealth has to be justly acquired in the first place, that is , it should not have been stolen and the rights of others should not have been infringed 2. Wealth has to be justly transferred from one responsible person to another 3. If wealth has been acquired or transferred unjustly this injustice should be rectified According to these principles Nozick justifies that the inequality in distribution of we

Procurement Management Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Procurement Management Plan - Research Paper Example No. Item Name Quantity Budgeted Amount ($) Expected Cost ($) Needed by 1. Shrubs 1000 11000 10000 +/- 1000 01-02-2012 2. Bricks 10000 2000 2000 +/- 200 01-02-2012 3. Ties 500 7000 7500 +/- 500 01-01-2012 Issues: There can be misjudgment here on the part of the management regarding the required products for the project. In order to avoid this issue, the reason for the procurement of these products should be stated. It should be very clear that these products are necessary for the successful completion of the project. Moreover, lead experts will verify the quantity demanded of each item. The expected cost of the required products can exceed the budgeted amount. Such issues should be dealt with before hand by increasing market knowledge and discussing with experts that can suggest alternative solutions to the problem. Procurement Team Hierarchy Following is the procurement management team that has the responsibility and authority of procuring the required products/services. Name Role Mr . X Project Manager Mr. Y Lead Expert on the required items Mrs. Z Procuring officer Issues: Procurement team members should be chosen carefully as they are entitled to both authority and responsibility. They may lack market knowledge and negotiation skill, which is why it is necessary to train them accordingly. The procurement team should be a mix of various specialized skills so that they can cater to the needs of the fulfillment of the project. Contract Type After sending out all the solicitations, the first step is to analyze all the vendor proposals to select the ideal vendors that satisfy the criteria laid by the project team. There are many types of contracts for instance fixed price, time and material and cost reimbursable. Therefore, the contract type will be chosen after careful examination of the vendor proposals. Issues: Here the issue of inappropriate contract type can arise. The contract type should be chosen on the basis of information such as quality, expected delive ry, cost and past experience. This should be approved by contract board members. Vendor Selection After approval from board members, the most suitable vendor is selected based on a thorough analysis of measurable evaluation criteria. Issues: From this point onwards many issues can arise. The vendor should be contacted on timely basis so as to minimize the risk of delayed delivery. The agreement with the vendor should clearly state the specifications of the required product so that there is no claim of insufficient information by the seller. All the negotiations should be recorded as a proof of settlement. Moreover, the terms and conditions of the contract should be reasonable and just. The team will need to minimize the risk of failure of fulfillment of contract. From the time of agreement, the procurement team should keep in touch with the seller to demand status updates of the goods in transit. This will help in ensuring timely delivery and high quality of the products. Contract C losure This part collectively acknowledged the product verification and administrative closure. This closure is subject to the terms and conditions of the contract. Issues: If all the precautionary steps have been taken than the risks associated with this part can be minimized or eliminated. However, the possibility of risks does exist. So upon delivery the team will examine and verify the product and take all the necessary steps required to fulfill the contract. The

Doubt Is The Father Of Invention

Doubt Is The Father Of Invention Galileo Galilei once said, Doubt is the father of invention. Thus we can say that, doubt is one of the factors which can influence the expansion of knowledge. For me I believe doubt sometimes tends to call on reason and somehow encourages people to hesitate before acting or belief. Thus we can say that doubt is the key to knowledge where with the feeling of doubt, people feel uncertain on something and try as possible they can in order to falsify and find the certainty.Nathan Salmon (1995) proposes that a believer has a grasp of a proposition and has attempted consciously to choose between the proposition and its negation.  [2]  From these definition we can claim that, by doubt it actually can triggers the feel of unbelief and then, from this , the knowledge of something will be invented when further investigation is conduct. I believe the words key to knowledge from the phrase is refer to ability of doubt which can triggers and progress to an understanding on something. Science subjects either Natural Science or Human Science are the possible area of knowledge which follows a pattern in the growth of knowledge with the presence of uncertainty beyond any suspicion. In Natural Science area, yes, I believe presence of doubt is the key to knowledge. For example, in atomic model theory, Bohr state that electrons in atom move in shells around the nucleus which contains protons. But since he invent it, many scientists feels doubt with the law and try to argue and invent new law by the improvement of scientific revolutionary as they feel uncertain towards Bohrs result. For example, in Quantum Physical Models of atom, many scientist try to explain the concept in better way like Erwin Schrodinger who are fascinated by this idea and approach the spectral phenomena that Bohrs failed to explain.  [3]  James Chadwick also feel something is lack towards the model .He search for unanswered questions related to it. So he found Bohrs atomic model cannot be apply as new theory that can be proven to work with the newly acquired knowledge. He proved the existence of neutrons, the neutral particles in nucleus. This shows that doubt aids us in the search for new knowledge, as the idea of absolute certainty lead to more questions revolving around it. It also happened to me. In my real life situation, as an IB student before starting on an experiment, hypothesis or expectation is made up to guess the result based on the existence knowledge that is theoretically proven by the experts. Somehow, at the beginning of the experiment, doubt may be influenced towards the hypothesis whether it does fit the result. Thus because of the doubt, experiment is conducted and it is such a progress towards a knowledge on knowing and proven something. The result that I gained in any experiments also always makes me feel doubt about its validity and certainty. Through the feeling of doubtful, further investigation is carried out. Thus, to reduced uncertainty due to limitations, the experiment is conduct in many times and this lead to new knowledge by finding the truth of outcome by verify a certain hypothesis and reduce the doubt one has about the theory. Apart from that, in Human sciences, doubt also can influence as the key to knowledge. Humans will change and Human sciences are based on humans the theories behind human sciences which will have to be changed. For example, urbanization that created by human. Urbanization is the degree of or increase in urban character or nature. It may refer to a geographical area combining urban and rural parts, or to the transformation of an individual locality from less to more urban  [4]  . For example, in real life situation, Port Harcourt, one of Nigerias major cities has been experiencing rapid urbanization since 1913 in which engulfing and transforming the way of life of the indigenous enclaves, which predate the founding of the city. Through this process, doubt plays a role as the initiator on the study of urbanization. The study from researchers, concluded that urbanization has indeed had both positive and negative impacts on the indigenous population and that there was reasonable agree ment between subjective and objective impacts of urbanization  [5]  . From this it shown that with the presence of doubt, it is such a progress of knowing something on expecting the consequences. Politics also in human science cause uncertainties. Leaders in most countries consist of the leader or founder of the politic parties. For example, in Thailand, there is a political dispute between two parties. Based on what happened, I think, the leaders of each party have their own aims, issues, propaganda and planning of the direction of the countrys flow. Therefore, that is not necessarily for the direction of the countrys system will remain the same after the political changes during election. Thus, the uncertainties in the direction of countrys administration and future planning will be available when the different leader takes over. These changes occur because of the implementation of political parties to lead the country which cause by doubt. Then, there is legislation that established to observe and control the direction of the progress of state. Doubt that created will be the key to knowledge as to reduce uncertainties. But somehow, doubt also does not always act as the key to knowledge. Knowledge also can be learnt through various processes. For example, with the presence of curiosity it also can be the key to knowledge. Curiosity is designed for progression or natural law of our being, and whoever retrogrades is acting contrary to his nature such as exploration, investigation, and learning, evident by observation in human. Strong curiosity is the main motivation of many scientists. In fact, in its development as wonder or admiration, it is generally curiosity that makes a human being want to become an expert in a field of knowledge. For example, James Newton and his law of gravitivity, he very felt curious why apple is falling down and not rising upward. Thus with the presence of curiosity of knowing something, through the process of basic scientific method, he observed and investigate, make generalization to create theory about behave of things fall downward. Then, he came out with Newtons law an d the concept of gravity. Anyhow, without thought of doubtful, true would forever elude us and play important role in our life especially to intervene something. Doubt is, however, something that we can take credit for in order to discover the true in any subjects, for example in Sciences either natural or human sciences. It is a natural human property rather than something we can learn. Genetics provide that so long as our mind is properly functional we will have these functions, although there are some other factors which act as the key to knowledge. From the argument above, we can conclude, somehow doubt is the key to knowledge to our daily life. (1203 words)

Assignment Verbal and Non Verbal Communication Essay

Answer 1.1. A primary industry is one that cultivates and exploits natural resources, such as agriculture or mining. A secondary industry takes the outputs of primary industries and converts them to consumer and capital goods. Examples of secondary industries are textiles and electronics. A tertiary industry is in the service sector of the economy. Examples of tertiary industries are banking and education. Answer 1.2. A capital good is a durable good that is used in production of goods or services Capital goods are acquired by a society by saving wealth which can be invested in the means of production. Individuals, organizations and governments use capital goods in the production of other goods or commodities. Capital goods include factories, machinery, tools, equipment, and various buildings which are used to produce other products for consumption. Capital goods, then, are products which are not produced for immediate consumption; rather, they are objects that are used to produce other goods and services. These types of goods are important economic factors because they are the key to developing a positive return from manufacturing other products and commodities. Answer 1.3. Generally production quantity is inversely related to product variety. A factory that produces a large variety of products will produce a smaller quantity of each. A company that produces a single product will produce a large quantity. Answer 1.4. Manufacturing capability refers to the technical and physical limitations of a manufacturing firm and each of its plants. Three categories of capability include technological processing capability, physical size and weight, and production capacity. Answer 1.5. Polymers, ceramics and metals are three basic categories of materials. Answer 1.6. A shaping process changes the geometry of the work material (machining or forging). A surface processing operation does not alter the geometry, but instead alters the properties and/or appearance of the surface of the work (painting or plating). Answer 1.7. A shaping process changes the geometry of the work material (machining or forging). A surface processing operation does not alter the geometry, but instead alters the properties and/or appearance of the surface of the work (painting or plating). Answer 1.8. Batch production is where groups, lots, or batches are processed together through the manufacturing operations. All units in the batch are processed at a given station before the group proceeds to the next station. In a medium or low quantity production situation, the same machines are used to produce many types of products.

Conformity and Rebellion

Conforming to societal norms can have many benefits. There are 3 different types of conformity; the first Is compliance; this Is the act of conforming to the larger majority In public while privately retaining one's personal beliefs. This can be seen In George Rowel's â€Å"Shooting an Elephant†: â€Å"The crowd would laugh at me†¦ L did not want to shoot the elephant. † In this short story Orwell is pressured by his society to shoot the elephant. Orwell did not want to shoot the elephant it was no longer causing any harm but to not shoot the elephant Orwell old be seen as a bad individual to his society.In this case one's personal beliefs must be taken back, if not the group of Indians would see Orwell as an evil person. This variety is often seen amongst adults complying with the rules and regulations of a job when they do not necessarily agree with its policies. This allows for the individual to maintain his or her own sense of individuality while still gaining whatever needs are afforded to them by adhering to the norms expected of them. The second form of conforming is called identification. This is the act of informing to someone admired or dollied by the individual. This can be done to mimic that of a celebrity or other iconic figure.Teenagers often conform as a way to make friends. By wearing a certain brand of clothing they are choosing to identify themselves with any others who wear that style or brand. This variety is most often seen amongst groups of the similar age. The third type is called initialization. This Is the act of fully adhering and believing in certain norms both publicly In society as well as individually to themselves. Initialization can be seen is Faulkner â€Å"A Rose or Emily: â€Å"l have received a paper, yes†¦ ‘ have no taxes In Jefferson. † In the town of Jefferson Emily never had to pay taxes until the town had changed Its norms.This variety Is most often seen amongst groups of similar rel igious beliefs or ethnic background. This allows for an Individual's full acceptance Into their chosen group. Conforming to the crowd Is actually physiologically programmed In to our brains. Studies show that the anterior Insularly cortex; the part of the human brain that controls social emotions and self-awareness as well as anterior Cingular cortex; the art of the brain that helps In error detection, have both been shown to Increase In activity when a subjects answer to a question is correct but dissenting from those of his or her peers.Though conforming to societal norms may grant individuals such things as social acceptance and inclusion, it also sometimes robs adhering persons of their feeling of individuality and private freedom. As sun tanner are also tense won seek to Aviva compliance Walt skeletal norms or to rebel against them. Societal rebellion is the act of rebelling against the norms expected. This is very often seen in younger generations. Rebelling from societal norm s is a way of giving up the privileges and acceptance associated complying with them in order to fully maintain ones independence and individuality from society.Societal rebellion is a double edged sword, where as it can be used passively as a way to move towards noble cause. For example the peaceful protests by Mahatma Gandhi as well as the sass Montgomery bus boycott. Both of these rebellions were against societal norms yet both were peaceful and nonviolent. Conversely societal rebellion can also be any act of violence or anarchy. Murders and all other acts of Eileen crimes can be perceived as social rebellion because obeying the law is also seen as a societal norm.Therefore by committing a crime, you are in turn disobeying a societal norm. Conformity and rebellion are both tools humans use to interact with society, whether it is conforming to initiate and maintain friendships, or it be rebelling in order to maintain ones individuality, or even to try to change the structure of so ciety itself. Conforming or rebelling is two sides of the same coin, but both are needed to establish ones presence and function in society.